and many others Silver Sulfadiazine Class: Local Anti-infectives, Miscellaneous ATC Class: D06BA01 VA Class: DE500 CAS Number: 22199-08-2 Brands: Silvadene, SSD, Thermazene Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions More Pregnancy Warnings User Reviews Support Group Q & A Pricing & Coupons Introduction Sulfonamide; synthetic anti-infective agent. a b c e g h i j l Slideshow Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms, Treatments, and Breakthroughs Uses for Silver Sulfadiazine Prevention and Treatment of Burn Infections Silver sulfadiazine cream is used topically as adjunct therapy to prevent and treat wound sepsis in second- and third-degree burns after resuscitative measures (e.g., control of shock and pain, correction of electrolyte imbalance) have been instituted. a b c e g h i j l Control of bacterial growth may prevent conversion of deep, second-degree (partial-thickness) wounds to third-degree (full-thickness) wounds by sepsis. a b c i Concomitant administration of appropriate systemic anti-infective agents may be necessary if infection present or suspected. c Although controlled, comparative studies are lacking, silver sulfadiazine and mafenide are considered by many clinicians to be among the topical anti-infective agents of choice in burn patients. c g h i j Mafenide appears to penetrate burn eschar better than silver sulfadiazine and may be more effective in minimizing the growth of bacteria and early treatment of wound sepsis. c j Unlike mafenide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, silver sulfadiazine does not alter acid-base balance and does not have a limited duration of therapy and area of topical application. a b c f Softening action of silver sulfadiazine cream may aid in eschar removal and preparation of wound for grafting. c Silver Sulfadiazine Dosage and Administration General Topically apply 1% silver sulfadiazine cream after appropriate regimens for burn care have been promptly instituted, including control of shock and pain. a b c l Administration Topical Administration Cream Apply 1% cream topically to cleansed, debrided burn wounds under sterile conditions (e.g., using a sterile-gloved hand). a b c Topical cream should not be applied to the eye. a b If possible, bathe patient daily to aid in debridement. c Dressings usually not required but may be used. a b c Dosage Available as silver sulfadiazine; dosage expressed in terms of the salt. a b Adults Prevention and Treatment of Burn Infections Topical Apply 1% cream in a thickness of approximately 16 mm (1/16 inch) 1 or 2 times daily; cover burn area with cream at all times. a b c Reapply cream to any areas from which it has been removed by patient activity and reapply immediately following hydrotherapy. a b c Continue applying cream as long as there is a possibility of infection unless a clinically important adverse reaction occurs. a b c Usually continue until healing is progressing well or site is ready for grafting. a b c Special Populations No special population dosage and administration recommendations at this time. a b c Cautions for Silver Sulfadiazine Contraindications Pregnant women approaching or at term. a b c Premature neonates or neonates 2 months of age. a b c Known hypersensitivity to silver sulfadiazine or any ingredient in the formulation (e.g., methylparaben). a b c Warnings/Precautions Warnings Systemic Absorption and Toxicity When applied to extensive areas of the body and/or tissue damage is present, sulfadiazine may be absorbed systemically and produce adverse reactions characteristic of the sulfonamides, including hematologic effects (e.g., agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia), dermatologic and hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis), adverse GI effects, hepatitis and hepatocellular necrosis, adverse CNS effects, and toxic nephrosis. a b c d l m Skin discoloration (including argyria) also reported with topical application of silver sulfadiazine cream. a b c Fungal Infections Possible fungal proliferation in and below eschar; however, low reported incidence of fungal superinfection. a b c Leukopenia Transient leukopenia, principally manifested as decreased ANC, reported in an average of 20% of patients. a b c d e l m Maximal WBC count decrease occurs within the first 2 4 days after initiating therapy, and WBC count usually returns to normal within 2 3 days after onset of leukopenia regardless of whether silver sulfadiazine therapy is continued or discontinued. a b c d e m (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.) Patients with G6PD Deficiency Hemolysis may occur in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. a b c Sensitivity Reactions Sensitivity Reactions and Cross-sensitivity Possible sensitivity reactions (e.g., blood dyscrasias, skin reactions [dermatitis, rashes, facial edema, pruritus], jaundice, hepatitis). a b c e g h k If allergic reaction occurs, consider discontinuance of drug. a b c Possible cross-sensitivity with other sulfonamides and related compounds (e.g., sulfonylureas, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazides, loop diuretics). a b c (See Contraindications.) General Precautions Laboratory Testing and Propylene Glycol In patients with extensive burns, monitor serum sulfonamide concentrations, carefully monitor renal function, and examine urine for sulfonamide crystals. a b c Absorption of propylene glycol (contained in silver sulfadiazine cream) may affect serum osmolality, which may affect interpretation of some laboratory test results. a b c l Delayed Wound Healing Possible delay in wound healing; reduced bacterial growth may result in delayed eschar separation, which in some cases may require escharotomy. a b c h Specific Populations Pregnancy Category B. a b Because sulfonamides may cause kernicterus in neonates, silver sulfadiazine cream is contraindicated in pregnant women approaching or at term. a b c Lactation Not known whether topically applied silver sulfadiazine cream is distributed into milk. a b c However, because sulfonamides are distributed into milk and may cause kernicterus in premature neonates and neonates 2 months of age, discontinue nursing or the drug. a b c Pediatric Use The manufacturer states that safety and efficacy have not been established in pediatric patients; a b c however, silver sulfadiazine cream has been successfully used in some pediatric burn patients. e i Because sulfonamide therapy has produced kernicterus in neonates, silver sulfadiazine cream is contraindicated in premature neonates or neonates 2 months of age. a b c (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Hepatic Impairment Possible sulfadiazine accumulation; consider discontinuance if therapeutic benefits to the patient do not outweigh possible risks. a b c Renal Impairment Possible sulfadiazine accumulation; consider discontinuance if therapeutic benefits to the patient do not outweigh possible risks. a b c (See Laboratory Testing and Propylene Glycol under Cautions.) Common Adverse Effects Local effects (pain, burning, itching, rash), a b c e k leukopenia. a b c d e m Interactions for Silver Sulfadiazine No formal drug interaction studies to date. a b c Since systemic sulfadiazine absorption may occur following topical application, consider possible drug interactions such as those reported with systemic administration of sulfonamides and related drugs. a b c Specific Drugs Drug Interaction Comments Cimetidine Increased incidence of leukopenia when used concomitantly with topical silver sulfadiazine a b m Proteolytic enzymes, topical (e.g., collagenase, sutilains [no longer commercially available in the US]) Silver contained in silver sulfadiazine cream potentially may inactivate topical proteolytic enzymes used for debridement a b c Silver Sulfadiazine Pharmacokinetics Absorption Bioavailability Silver sulfadiazine itself does not appear to be absorbed following topical administration. a b c When in contact with body tissues and fluids, silver sulfadiazine slowly reacts with sodium chloride, sulfhydryl groups, and protein, resulting in sulfadiazine release. c Sulfadiazine may then be systemically absorbed from the site of application, particularly when silver sulfadiazine is applied to extensive areas and/or to damaged tissue. a b c e l Plasma Concentrations When applied to extensive burns, serum sulfadiazine concentrations of 12 mg/dL reported. a b c Patients treated with 5 10 g of silver sulfadiazine daily applied as a 1% cream had blood sulfadiazine concentrations of 1 2 mg/dL. c Distribution Extent Not known whether topically applied silver sulfadiazine cream is distributed into milk; however, sulfonamides are distributed into milk. a b c Elimination Elimination Route Systemically absorbed sulfadiazine excreted in urine. a b c e Stability Storage Topical Cream 15 30 C. a c Actions and Spectrum Mechanism of action of silver sulfadiazine appears to differ from sulfadiazine and silver nitrate; acts on cell membrane and cell wall to produce bactericidal effects. a b c g Wide spectrum of activity against most burn pathogens, including species of both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, including most species of Klebsiella , Proteus , Pseudomonas , and Staphylococcus . a b c Also inhibits Escherichia coli , Corynebacterium diphtheriae , and species of Acinetobacter , Citrobacter , Enterobacter , Providencia , Serratia , and streptococci. a b c Also has some activity against Candida albicans , Herpesvirus hominis , and Clostridium perfringens . a b c Resistance reported occasionally. c Advice to Patients Importance of understanding that topical silver sulfadiazine preparations are intended for external use only. a b c Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as concomitant illnesses. a b c Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed. a b c Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. a b c (See Cautions.) Preparations Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details. Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations. * available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name Silver Sulfadiazine Routes Dosage Forms Strengths Brand Names Manufacturer Topical Cream 1%* Silvadene (with methylparaben and propylene glycol) Monarch SSD (with cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, and propylene glycol) Par SSD AF (with methylparaben and propylene glycol) Par Thermazene (with propylene glycol) Kendall AHFS DI Essentials. Copyright 2017, Selected Revisions June 1, 2008. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. References a. Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. SSD (1% silver sulfadiazine) and SSD AF (1% silver sulfadiazine) cream prescribing information. Spring Valley, NY; 1999 May. b. Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Silvadene cream 1% (silver sulfadiazine) prescribing information. Bristol, TN; 2003 Jul. c. AHFS drug information 2008. McEvoy GK, ed. Silver Sulfadiazine. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2008:3570-71. d. Choban PS, Marshall WJ. Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine: frequency, characteristics and clinical consequences. Am Surg . 1987; 53:515-7. [PubMed 3631764] e. Lockhart SP, Rushworth A, Azmy AAF et al. Topical silver sulphadiazine: side effects and urinary excretion. Burns . 1983; 10:9-12. f. Liebman PR, Kennelly MM, Hirsch EF. Hypercarbia and acidosis associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibition: a hazard of topical mafenide acetate use in renal failure. Burns Incl Therm Inj . 1982; 8:95-8. g. Castellano JJ, Shafii SM, Ko F et al. Comparative evaluation of silver-containing antimicrobial dressings and drugs. Int Wound J . 2007; 4:114-22. [PubMed 17651227] h. Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN et al. Effect of silver on burn wound infection control and healing: review of the literature. Burns . 2007; 33:139-48. [PubMed 17137719] i. Palmieri TL, Greenlaugh DG. Topical treatment of pediatric patients with burns: a practical guide. Am J Clin Dermatol . 2002; 3:529-34. [PubMed 12358554] j. Monafo WW, West MA. Current treatment recommendations for topical burn therapy. Drugs . 1990; 40:364-73. [PubMed 2226220] k. McKenna SR, Latenser BA, Jones LM et al. Serious silver sulphadiazine and mafenide acetate dermatitis. Burns . 1995; 21:310-2. [PubMed 7662136] l. Kulick MI, Wong R, Okarma TB et al. Prospective study of side effects associated with the use of silver sulfadiazine in severely burned patients. Ann Plastic Surgery . 1985; 14:407-19. m. Caffee HH, Bingham HG. Leukopenia and silver sulfadiazine. J Trauma . 1982; 22:586-7. [PubMed 7097818] Next Interactions Print this page Add to My Med List More about silver sulfadiazine topical Side Effects During Pregnancy Dosage Information Drug Interactions Support Group Pricing & Coupons En Español 49 Reviews Add your own review/rating Drug class: topical antibiotics Consumer resources Silver sulfadiazine topical Silver Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Topical (Advanced Reading) Professional resources Silver Sulfadiazine Cream (FDA) Silver Sulfadiazine (Wolters Kluwer) Other brands: Silvadene , SSD , Thermazene Related treatment guides Burns, External} FEATURED: CAR-T Cell Therapy Overview Mechanism of Action KTE-C19 Studies KTE-C19 Cancer Targets Adverse Events Manufacturing Drug Status Rx Availability Prescription only B Pregnancy Category No proven risk in humans N/A CSA Schedule Not a controlled drug Approval History Drug history at FDA Manufacturer Ascend Laboratories LLC Drug Class Topical antibiotics Related Drugs Burns, External lidocaine topical , vancomycin , gentamicin , tobramycin , Silvadene , Albutein , aloe vera topical , Vancocin , Xylocaine Jelly , benzocaine topical , sodium hyaluronate topical , Garamycin , albumin human , Xylocaine Topical , Tobi , Buminate , SSD , Lidocream , Dermoplast , RadiaPlexRx , Albuminar-25 , Bionect , AneCream , dibucaine topical , More... 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