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chargeable for [15:<12 years of age. 1 25 These calculations and suggested dosage regimens are only approximations and should not preclude appropriate clinical monitoring and individualization of dosage based on the hemostatic requirements of patients. 1 25 Perform serial assays of factor IX activity (by the one-stage clotting assay) whenever possible to ensure that adequate levels of factor IX have been attained and maintained. 1 Adjust subsequent dosage based on individual clinical and pharmacokinetic (e.g., half-life, incremental recovery) response. 1 25 If calculated dose is ineffective in achieving appropriate factor IX levels, consider possibility that inhibitors may have developed. 1 171 (See Development of Inhibitors to Factor IX under Cautions.) When switching from plasma-derived preparations of factor IX to factor IX (recombinant), it may be necessary to increase dose of factor IX (recombinant). 1 18 19 (See Plasma Concentrations under Pharmacokinetics.) Patients at the low end of the observed factor IX recovery may require an increase in dose (e.g., to as much as twice the initial empirically calculated dose according to the manufacturer of BeneFIX ) to achieve intended increase in factor IX activity. 1 25 Pediatric Patients Hemophilia B BeneFIX IV Minor bleeding (e.g., uncomplicated hemarthroses, superficial muscle, soft tissue): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 20 30% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 1 2 days. 1 Moderate bleeding (e.g., intramuscular, soft tissue with dissection, mucous membranes, tooth extraction, hematuria): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours until bleeding resolves and healing begins, about 2 7 days. 1 Major bleeding (e.g., pharyngeal, retropharyngeal, retroperitoneal, CNS): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days. 1 Patients undergoing surgery associated with moderate bleeding (e.g., dental extractions): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours until bleeding resolves and healing begins, about 2 7 days. 1 Patients undergoing surgery associated with major bleeding: Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days. 1 Routine prophylaxis: Manufacturer does not provide specific dosage regimen; however, in clinical studies, mean dose of 40.3 units/kg (given an average of twice a week) was administered in previously treated patients and mean dose of 73.3 units/kg (given at least once or twice weekly) was administered in previously untreated patients for primary or secondary prophylaxis. 1 Individualize prophylactic regimens; evaluate patients periodically to determine continued need for prophylaxis. 176 Rixubis IV Minor bleeding (e.g., uncomplicated hemarthroses, superficial muscle, soft tissue): Administer appropriate dose to achieve target factor IX levels of 20 30% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for at least 1 day until healing is achieved. 25 Moderate bleeding (e.g., intramuscular, soft tissue with dissection, mucous membranes, hematuria): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 2 7 days until bleeding resolves and healing is achieved. 25 Major bleeding (e.g., pharyngeal, retropharyngeal, retroperitoneal, CNS): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days until bleeding resolves and healing is achieved. 25 Patients undergoing minor surgery (e.g., dental extractions): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 30 60% of normal; repeat dose every 24 hours for at least 1 day until healing is achieved. 25 Patients undergoing major surgery (e.g., intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic, joint replacement): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a target factor IX level of 80 100%; repeat every 8 24 hours for 7 10 days until bleeding resolves and healing is achieved. 25 Routine prophylaxis in previously treated patients: In adolescents ≥12 years of age, manufacturer recommends initial dosage of 40 60 units/kg twice weekly. 25 In pediatric patients> <12 years of age, manufacturer recommends initial dosage of 60 80 units/kg twice weekly. 25 Adjust dosage based on patient's age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity. 25 Individualize prophylactic regimens; evaluate patients periodically to determine continued need for prophylaxis. 176 Adults Hemophilia B BeneFIX IV Minor bleeding (e.g., uncomplicated hemarthroses, superficial muscle, soft tissue): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 20 30% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 1 2 days. 1 Moderate bleeding (e.g., intramuscular, soft tissue with dissection, mucous membranes, dental extractions, hematuria): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours until bleeding resolves and healing begins, about 2 7 days. 1 Major bleeding (e.g., pharyngeal, retropharyngeal, retroperitoneal, CNS): Administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days. 1 Perioperative hemostasis: For surgery associated with moderate bleeding (e.g., dental extractions), administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours until bleeding resolves and healing begins, about 2 7 days. 1 For surgery associated with major bleeding, administer appropriate dose to achieve factor IX levels of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days. 1 Routine prophylaxis: Manufacturer does not provide specific dosage regimen; however, in clinical studies, a mean dose of 40.3 units/kg (given an average of twice a week) was administered in previously treated patients and a mean dose of 73.3 units/kg (given at least once or twice weekly) was administered in previously untreated patients for primary or secondary prophylaxis. 1 Individualize prophylactic regimens; evaluate patients periodically to determine continued need for prophylaxis. 176 Rixubis IV Minor bleeding (e.g., uncomplicated hemarthroses, superficial muscle, soft tissue): Administer appropriate dose to achieve target factor IX levels of 20 30% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for at least 1 day until healing is achieved. 25 Moderate bleeding (e.g., intramuscular, soft tissue with dissection, mucous membranes, hematuria): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 25 50% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 2 7 days until bleeding resolves and healing occurs. 25 Major bleeding (e.g., pharyngeal, retropharyngeal, retroperitoneal, CNS): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 50 100% of normal; repeat every 12 24 hours for 7 10 days until bleeding resolves and healing is achieved. 25 Patients undergoing minor surgery (e.g., dental extractions): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a factor IX level of 30 60% of normal; repeat every 24 hours for at least 1 day until healing is achieved. 25 Patients undergoing major surgery (e.g., intracranial, intraabdominal, intrathoracic, joint replacement): Administer appropriate dose to achieve a target factor IX level of 80 100%; repeat every 8 24 hours for 7 10 days until bleeding resolves and healing is achieved. 25 Routine prophylaxis in previously treated patients: Manufacturer recommends initial dosage of 40 60 units/kg twice weekly. 25 Adjust dosage based on patient's age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity. 25 Individualize prophylactic regimens; evaluate patients periodically to determine continued need for prophylaxis. 176 Cautions for Factor IX (Recombinant) Contraindications Life-threatening, immediate hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis) or known hypersensitivity to factor IX (recombinant) or any ingredient in the formulation, including hamster protein. 1 25 Rixubis also contraindicated in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or signs of fibrinolysis. 25 Warnings/Precautions Warnings Thromboembolic Events Risk of thromboembolic complications. 1 25 Peripheral thrombophlebitis, DVT, and life-threatening superior vena cava syndrome (in critically ill neonates) reported with at least one preparation of factor IX (recombinant); in several cases, patients received the drug by continuous infusion † sometimes via a central venous catheter. 1 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.) Monitor for early manifestations of thromboembolic and consumptive coagulopathy in patients with hepatic disease, signs of fibrinolysis, or other risk factors for thromboembolism or DIC. 25 (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Also monitor during perioperative or postoperative period for such events. 25 Weigh risk of thromboembolism against benefits of therapy in patients with (or at risk of) DIC or thromboembolism. 25 Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome reported following immune tolerance induction with factor IX-containing preparations in patients with hemophilia B who have factor IX inhibitors and a history of hypersensitivity to factor IX. 1 5 15 16 17 25 Safety and efficacy of factor IX (recombinant) for immune tolerance induction not established. 1 25 Sensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions, including bronchospastic reactions and anaphylaxis, reported. 1 5 25 Manifestations have included pruritus, rash, urticaria, facial swelling, dizziness, hypotension, nausea, chest discomfort, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, flushing, generalized discomfort, and fatigue. 1 Increased risk in patients with certain genetic mutations of factor IX and/or those with inhibitors to factor IX. 1 5 9 15 16 17 18 19 25 171 Up to 50% of hemophilia B patients with inhibitors to factor IX may experience a severe hypersensitivity reaction, including anaphylaxis, to factor IX concentrates. 171 Closely observe for hypersensitivity reactions, especially during initial exposure to the drug. 1 25 Administer initial (e.g., approximately 10 20) infusions in a hospital or clinic setting where severe allergic reactions can be managed. 1 16 171 If manifestations of hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis occur, discontinue drug immediately and initiate appropriate therapy. 1 25 Evaluate any patient who experiences a hypersensitivity reaction to factor IX (recombinant) for presence of inhibitors. 1 (See Development of Inhibitors to Factor IX under Cautions.) Commercially available preparations of factor IX (recombinant) (BeneFIX , Rixubis ) contain trace amounts of hamster proteins; possibility of hypersensitivity reactions to these nonhuman mammalian proteins. 1 25 (See Contraindications.) General Precautions Development of Inhibitors to Factor IX Risk for development of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) to factor IX following treatment with factor IX preparations. 1 6 9 15 16 17 18 19 21 25 171 Inhibitors reported in about 1 5% of patients with hemophilia B, usually within the first 10 20 days of treatment. 6 9 15 17 19 21 171 Patients with certain genetic mutations of the factor IX gene may be at higher risk of inhibitor development and of experiencing a hypersensitivity reaction. 1 5 9 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 171 (See Hypersensitivity Reactions under Cautions.) High-titer inhibitors observed in a few previously untreated pediatric patients receiving BeneFIX ; may require use of an alternative treatment to factor IX replacement therapy. 1 Neutralizing antibodies to factor IX not reported to date with Rixubis ; 25 however, inhibitor formation is a concern with any clotting factor therapy. 27 171 Monitor regularly for development of inhibitors with appropriate clinical observation and laboratory tests. 1 Suspect presence of inhibitors if expected factor IX levels not achieved or bleeding is not controlled with a recommended dose. 1 25 171 Patients who develop inhibitors may be at increased risk of anaphylaxis following re-exposure to factor IX (recombinant). 25 (See Hypersensitivity Reactions under Cautions.) Consultation with a hemophilia treatment center strongly recommended for patients with inhibitors. 25 Laboratory Monitoring Monitor factor IX levels to guide dosing and assess therapeutic response. 1 21 25 171 Use of one-stage clotting assay recommended. 1 25 Monitor for development of inhibitors (with clinical observation and appropriate laboratory tests). 1 25 171 (See Development of Inhibitors to Factor IX under Cautions.) If expected plasma factor IX levels are not attained or bleeding is not controlled with the recommended dose, perform appropriate laboratory test (Bethesda assay) to detect presence of factor IX inhibitors. 1 25 Specific Populations Pregnancy Category C. 1 25 Lactation Not known whether distributed into human milk; use with caution. 1 25 Pediatric Use Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of BeneFIX evaluated in previously treated and previously untreated pediatric patients> <15 years of age; 1 on average, in vivo recovery of factor IX is lower in such pediatric patients than in older individuals and dosage adjustments may be necessary. 1 19 Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of Rixubis evaluated in previously treated pediatric patients> <12 years of age; on average, in vivo recovery of factor IX is lower in such pediatric patients than in older individuals and dosage adjustments may be necessary. 25 High-titer inhibitors detected in several pediatric patients receiving BeneFIX who had no prior exposure to factor IX preparations; these patients were withdrawn from study. 1 Rare postmarketing reports of critically ill neonates who experienced thrombotic events, including life-threatening superior vena cava syndrome, while receiving continuous infusions of BeneFIX through a central venous catheter. 1 (See Thromboembolic Events under Cautions.) Geriatric Use Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger patients. 1 25 Individualize dosage. 1 25 Common Adverse Effects BeneFIX : Headache, 1 dizziness, 1 nausea, 1 9 injection site reactions/pain, 1 skin-related hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., rash, hives). 1 Rixubis : Dysgeusia, pain in extremity, positive furin antibody test. 25 Interactions for Factor IX (Recombinant) No formal drug interaction studies to date. 1 20 Factor IX (Recombinant) Pharmacokinetics Absorption Plasma Concentrations In vivo recovery of factor IX following IV administration of 50 units/kg factor IX (recombinant) as the BeneFIX preparation was approximately 28% lower than that achieved following administration of equivalent dose of plasma-derived factor IX; difference presumably due to structural modifications of factor IX (recombinant). 1 5 7 9 18 19 21 Decreased in vivo recovery in pediatric patients 15 years of age compared with patients >15 years of age. 1 19 25 Incremental recovery of Rixubis in pediatric patients> <12 years of age approximately 22% lower than in older individuals; mean incremental recovery lower in younger (> <6 years of age) versus older (6 12 years of age) pediatric patients. 25 Pharmacokinetic profiles of the 2 currently available preparations of factor IX (recombinant) (BeneFIX and Rixubis ) appear to be comparable. 27 Distribution Extent Readily diffuses through interstitial fluid; distributes through both intravascular and extravascular compartments. 6 14 17 Circulates in plasma as unbound drug. 6 Binds rapidly and reversibly to vascular endothelium. 6 Not known whether factor IX (recombinant) crosses the placenta or is distributed into milk. 1 20 Elimination Elimination Route Clearance correlates with body weight; generally increases through adolescence, then stabilizes during adulthood. 6 Clearance of Rixubis is higher in younger (> <6 years of age) versus older (6 12 years of age) pediatric patients. 25 Half-life Half-life of BeneFIX is approximately 18 24 hours in adults and approximately 20 21 hours in pediatric patients. 1 Half-life of Rixubis is approximately 26.7 hours in adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age; in pediatric patients, half-life is approximately 23 hours for those 6 11 years of age and approximately 28 hours for those> < 6 years of age. 25 Stability Storage Parenteral Powder for Infusion BeneFIX : Store at room temperature ( 30°C) or under refrigeration (2 8°C); avoid freezing to prevent damage to diluent syringe. 1 Rixubis : Store at 2 8°C for up to 24 months; do not freeze. 25 May store at room temperature ( 30°C) for a period of up to 12 months; once stored at room temperature, do not return to refrigerator. 25 May store reconstituted solution of BeneFIX or Rixubis at room temperature prior to administration; use solution within 3 hours of reconstitution. 1 25 Actions Biosynthetic (recombinant DNA origin) preparation of blood coagulation factor IX. 1 7 21 25 Factor IX is essential for blood clotting and maintenance of hemostasis. 14 15 Patients with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) have decreased levels of endogenous factor IX, resulting in a hemorrhagic tendency and clinical manifestations such as bleeding into soft tissues, muscles, joints, and internal organs. 14 15 18 171 Clinical severity and frequency of bleeding in patients with hemophilia B correlate with the degree of deficiency of factor IX activity. 15 18 171 Patients with mild hemophilia B generally have >5% of normal activity, those with moderate disease generally have 1 5% of normal activity, and those with severe disease have <1% of normal activity. 5 14 15 18 171 Administration of factor IX (recombinant) to patients with hemophilia B results in increased plasma levels of factor IX and temporarily corrects coagulation defect. 1 25 Treatment also may normalize aPTT, which is typically prolonged in patients with hemophilia B. 1 25 Similar in structure and function to plasma-derived factor IX, but associated with substantially reduced risk of transmission of bloodborne human viruses (e.g., HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV). 1 6 7 9 13 15 25 Produced by recombinant DNA technology in a mammalian cell expression system using several purification and virus-inactivating/removal processes (e.g., chromatography, nanofiltration, solvent/detergent). 1 7 18 21 25 Manufactured without animal or human components. 1 5 7 9 13 15 19 21 25 Advice to Patients Importance of patients reporting to their clinician any adverse effects or problems following administration of factor IX (recombinant). 25 Importance of discontinuing therapy and immediately informing a clinician if hives, generalized urticaria, chest tightness, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, faintness, rapid heart rate, low BP, swelling of the face, or other manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction or anaphylaxis occur or, alternatively, seeking immediate emergency care depending on the severity of such a reaction. 1 Possible development of inhibitors; importance of patients informing a clinician if they experience a lack of response to factor IX (recombinant) therapy. 1 Advise patients to always follow the specific instructions (e.g., for storage, reconstitution, and administration) given by their clinician. 1 Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses. 1 Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed. 1 Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. 1 (See Cautions.) Preparations Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details. Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations. Factor IX (Recombinant) Routes Dosage Forms Strengths Brand Names Manufacturer Parenteral For injection, for IV use number of units indicated on label (nominally 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 units) BeneFIX (with sodium chloride 0.234% diluent in a prefilled syringe; available with infusion set and vial adapter device) Wyeth number of units indicated on label (nominally 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 units) Rixubis (with sterile water for injection diluent; available with needleless transfer device) Baxter AHFS DI Essentials. Copyright 2017, Selected Revisions January 26, 2017. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. † Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. References 1. Wyeth. BeneFIX coagulation factor IX (recombinant) prescribing information. Philadelphia, PA; 2012 Mar. 5. Mannucci PM, Tuddenham EGD. The hemophilias from royal genes to gene therapy. N Engl J Med . 2001; 344:1773-9. [PubMed 11396445] 6. Björkman S, Berntorp E. Pharmacokinetics of coagulation factor: clinical relevance for patients with haemophilia. Clin Pharmacokinet . 2001; 40: 815-32. 7. White GC II, Beebe A, Nielsen B. Recombinant factor IX. Thromb Haemost . 1997; 78:261-5. [PubMed 9198163] 9. Shapiro AD, Di Paola J, Cohen A et al. The safety and efficacy of recombinant human blood coagulation factor IX in previously untreated patients with severe or moderately severe hemophilia B. Blood . 2005; 105:518-25. [PubMed 15383463] 10. Grifols. Profilnine SD factor IX complex solvent detergent treated prescribing information. Los Angeles, CA; 2004 Jan. 11. Grifols. Alphanine SD coagulation factor IX (human) solvent detergent treated/virus filtered prescribing information. Los Angeles, CA; 2004 Jan. 12. ZLB Behring. Mononine coagulation factor IX (human) monoclonal antibody purified prescribing information. Kankakee, IL; 2006 May. 13. Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC), National Hemophilia Foundation. MASAC recommendations regarding the use of recombinant clotting factor products with respect to pathogen transmission (June 3, 2006). MASAC recommendation #169. From National Hemophilia Foundation website. 14. Shord SS, Lindley CM. Coagulation products and their uses. Am J Health Syst Pharm . 2000; 57:1403-17. [PubMed 10938981] 15. Bolton-Maggs PHB, Pasi KJ. Haemophilias A and B. Lancet . 2003; 361:1801-9. 16. Warrier I. Management of haemophilia B patients with inhibitors and anaphylaxis. Haemophilia . 1998; 4:574-6. [PubMed 9873797] 17. DiMichele D. Inhibitor development in haemophilia B: an orphan disease in need of attention. Br J Haematol . 2007; 138:305-15. [PubMed 17614818] 18. Giangrande P. Haemophilia B: Christmas disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother . 2005; 6:1517-24. [PubMed 16086639] 19. Poon MC, Lillicrap D, Hensman C et al. Recombinant factor IX recovery and inhibitor safety: a Canadian post-licensure surveillance study. Thromb Haemost . 2002; 87:431-5. [PubMed 11916075] 20. Wyeth, Philadelphia, PA: Personal communication. 21. Roth DA, Kessler CM, Pasi KJ et al. Human recombinant factor IX: safety and efficacy studies in hemophilia B patients previously treated with plasma-derived factor IX concentrates. Blood . 2001; 98:3600-6. [PubMed 11739163] 25. Baxter. Rixubis coagulation factor IX (recombinant) prescribing information. Westlake Village, CA; 2014 Sept. 26. Baxter. Rixubis coagulation factor IX (recombinant) instructions for use. Westlake Village, CA; 2014 Sept. 27. Food and Drug Administration. Summary Basis for Regulatory Action: BLA#STN125446/0. From FDA website. 28. Food and Drug Administration. Orphan designations pursuant to Section 526 of the Federal Food and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Orphan Drug Act (P.L. 97-414). Rockville, MD. From FDA web site. 29. Mackie I, Cooper P, Lawrie A et al. Guidelines on the laboratory aspects of assays used in haemostasis and thrombosis. Int J Lab Hematol . 2013; 35:1-13. [PubMed 22978493] 145. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). Guidance for industry. Revised preventive measures to reduce the possible risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) by blood and blood products. January 2002. From FDA website. 146. Ricketts MN, Cashman NR, Stratton EE et al. Is Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease transmitted in blood? Emerg Infectious Dis . 1997; 3:155-63. 147. Brown P, Will RG, Bradley R et al. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infectious Dis . 2001; 7:6-16. 155. Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC), National Hemophilia Foundation. MASAC recommendation regarding the use of recombinant clotting factor products with respect to pathogen transmission (May 6, 2014). MASAC recommendation #226. From National Hemophilia Foundation website. 156. Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC), National Hemophilia Foundation. MASAC recommendations concerning products licensed for the treatment of hemophilia and other bleeding disorders (revised April 2014). MASAC recommendation #225. From National Hemophilia Foundation website. 157. Anon. Hepatitis A among persons with hemophilia who received clotting factor concentrate United States, September-December 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1996; 45:29-32. [PubMed 8531917] 161. Naoumov NV, Petrova EP, Thomas MG et al. Presence of a newly described human DNA virus (TTV) in patients with liver disease. Lancet . 1998; 352:195-7. [PubMed 9683209] 162. Simmonds P, Davidson F, Lycett C et al. Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) in blood donors and blood products. Lancet . 1998; 352:191-5. [PubMed 9683208] 167. Hewitt PE, Llewelyn CA, Mackenzie J et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and blood transfusion: result of the UK transfusion medicine epidemiological review study. Vox Sang . 2006; 91:221-30. [PubMed 16958834] 171. World Federation of Hemophilia. Guidelines for the management of hemophilia 2nd edition. 2012. From the World Federation of Hemophilia website. 176. Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC), National Hemophilia Foundation. MASAC recommendation concerning prophylaxis (regular administration of clotting factor concentrate to prevent bleeding) (November 4, 2007). MASAC recommendation #179. From National Hemophilia Foundation website. 185. Carcao MD, Aledort L. Prophylactic factor replacement in hemophilia. Blood Rev . 2004; 18:101-13. [PubMed 15010149] 186. Nilsson IM, Berntorp E, Löfqvist T et al. Twenty-five years experience of prophylactic treatment in severe haemophilia A and B. J Intern med . 1992; 232:25-32. [PubMed 1640190] 187. Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC), National Hemophilia Foundation. MASAC recommendations regarding factor concentrate prescriptions and formulary development and restrictions (March 12, 2005). MASAC recommendation #159. From National Hemophilia Foundation website. 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