lack of awareness [50:<50 mL/minute. 1 (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.) Gender or Race Dosage adjustment not required. 1 Cautions for Aptiom Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to eslicarbazepine acetate or oxcarbazepine. 1 (See Sensitivity Reactions under Cautions.) Warnings/Precautions Sensitivity Reactions Serious Dermatologic Reactions Serious dermatologic reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), reported with eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 Serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and SJS, have been reported in patients receiving oxcarbazepine or carbamazepine, which are chemically related to eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 13 Monitor patients for dermatologic reactions. 1 If a dermatologic reaction occurs, discontinue eslicarbazepine acetate unless reaction is clearly not drug related. 1 Do not use in patients who developed a previous dermatologic reaction to either oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multiorgan Hypersensitivity DRESS, also known as multiorgan hypersensitivity, reported; may be fatal or life-threatening. 1 Clinical presentation is variable but typically presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy in association with other organ system involvement (e.g., hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities, myocarditis, myositis sometimes resembling an acute viral infection); eosinophilia is often present. 1 Monitor patients for possible hypersensitivity reactions; immediately evaluate patients who develop possible signs and symptoms of DRESS. 1 Discontinue drug if another cause cannot be established. 1 Do not use eslicarbazepine acetate in patients with a prior DRESS reaction to either oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Anaphylactic Reactions and Angioedema Rare cases of anaphylaxis and angioedema, which can be fatal, reported. 1 Monitor patients for possible hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., breathing difficulties, swelling). 1 If such reactions occur, discontinue drug if cannot establish another cause. 1 Do not use eslicarbazepine acetate in patients with a prior anaphylactic-type reaction to either oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 (See Contraindications under Cautions.) Other Warnings and Precautions Suicidality Risk Increased risk of suicidality (suicidal behavior or ideation) observed in an analysis of studies using various anticonvulsants in patients with epilepsy, psychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety), and other conditions (e.g., migraine, neuropathic pain); risk in patients receiving anticonvulsants (0.43%) was approximately twice that in patients receiving placebo (0.24%). 1 10 11 12 Increased suicidality risk was observed 1 week after initiation of anticonvulsant therapy and continued through 24 weeks. 1 10 11 Risk was higher for patients with epilepsy compared with those receiving anticonvulsants for other conditions. 1 10 Closely monitor all patients currently receiving or beginning anticonvulsant therapy for changes in behavior that may indicate emergence or worsening of suicidal thoughts or behavior or depression. 1 10 11 12 Anxiety, agitation, hostility, insomnia, and mania may be precursors to emerging suicidality. 1 10 Balance risk of suicidality with risk of untreated illness. 1 10 Epilepsy and other illnesses treated with anticonvulsants are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidality. 1 12 If suicidal thoughts or behavior emerges during anticonvulsant therapy, consider whether these symptoms may be related to the illness itself. 1 12 (See Advice to Patients.) Hyponatremia Clinically important hyponatremia (serum sodium concentrations> <125 mEq/L) reported. 1 2 Hyponatremia is dose related and generally develops during the first 8 weeks of therapy, possibly as early as after 3 days. 1 Serious, life-threatening complications, which necessitated hospitalization and drug discontinuance, occurred in some patients. 1 Concurrent hypochloremia also was present. 1 Consider monitoring serum sodium and chloride concentrations during maintenance therapy, particularly in patients concurrently receiving other drugs known to decrease serum sodium concentrations (e.g., carbamazepine, desmopressin, diuretics). 1 25 Measure sodium and chloride concentrations in patients who develop symptoms of hyponatremia (e.g., nausea, vomiting, malaise, headache, lethargy, confusion, irritability, muscle weakness or spasms, obtundation, increase in seizure frequency or severity). 1 If hyponatremia occurs, dosage reduction or drug discontinuance may be necessary. 1 Neurologic Effects Adverse neurologic effects may occur; dizziness, disturbances in gait or coordination (e.g., ataxia, vertigo, balance disorder, nystagmus, abnormal coordination), somnolence and fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., memory impairment, disturbance in attention, amnesia, confusional state, aphasia, speech disorder, slowness of thought, disorientation, psychomotor retardation), and visual changes (e.g., diplopia, blurred vision, visual impairment) reported. 1 These effects are dose-related and generally occur during dosage titration. 1 Risk of some adverse neurologic effects (e.g., dizziness, disturbances in gait or coordination, visual changes) appears to be greater in patients 60 years of age. 1 Dizziness and diplopia occur more frequently during concurrent use of carbamazepine; dosage adjustment of eslicarbazepine acetate and/or carbamazepine may be necessary. 1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.) Caution patients about possible neurologic effects during therapy. 1 (See Advice to Patients.) Discontinuance of Therapy Abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsants may result in increased seizure frequency and status epilepticus in patients with seizure disorders. 1 Withdraw eslicarbazepine acetate gradually. 1 Drug-induced Liver Injury Adverse hepatic effects, ranging from mild to moderate transaminase elevations (> 3 times the ULN) to rare cases with concomitant elevations of total bilirubin (>2 times the ULN) reported. 1 Manufacturer recommends baseline liver function tests. 1 Discontinue eslicarbazepine acetate in patients with jaundice or other evidence of substantial liver injury (i.e., laboratory evidence). 1 Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests Dose-dependent decreases in serum thyroid hormone concentrations (free and total triiodothyronine [T 3 ] and thyroxine [T 4 ]) observed. 1 These changes were not associated with other abnormal thyroid function test results suggesting hypothyroidism. 1 Clinical evaluation of abnormal thyroid test results is recommended. 1 Specific Populations Pregnancy Category C. 1 North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry at 888-233-2334 (for patients and caregivers); NAAED registry information also available on the website . 1 Lactation Distributed into milk. 1 Discontinue nursing or the drug. 1 Pediatric Use Safety and efficacy not established in patients <18 years of age; not FDA-labeled for use in pediatric patients. 1 23 However, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability have been studied in a limited number of pediatric patients 2 17 years of age with partial-onset seizures. 22 23 Geriatric Use Insufficient experience in patients 65 years of age to establish efficacy in this population. 1 Patients 60 years of age appear to have a greater risk of adverse neurologic effects. 1 (See Neurologic Effects under Cautions.) Although pharmacokinetics do not appear to be affected by age independently (see Absorption: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics), consider greater frequency of renal impairment and concomitant medical conditions and medications when selecting dosage in geriatric patients. 1 Dosage adjustment is necessary if Cl cr> <50 mL/minute. 1 Hepatic Impairment Pharmacokinetics not affected by moderate hepatic impairment; dosage adjustment not necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. 1 Not studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment; use not recommended. 1 Renal Impairment Eslicarbazepine and other metabolites are primarily eliminated by renal excretion. 1 (See Absorption: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.) Dosage adjustment not necessary in patients with mild renal impairment. 1 However, dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (Cl cr> <50 mL/minute). 1 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.) Repeated hemodialysis removes eslicarbazepine and other metabolites from systemic circulation in patients with end-stage renal disease. 1 Common Adverse Effects Dizziness, 1 2 3 4 somnolence, 1 2 3 4 nausea, 1 2 3 4 vomiting, 1 2 3 4 headache, 1 2 3 4 diplopia, 1 2 3 4 fatigue, 1 3 vertigo, 1 2 4 ataxia, 1 blurred vision, 1 3 tremor. 1 Interactions for Aptiom Moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19; may induce CYP3A4. 1 8 Does not appear to inhibit CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, nor to induce CYP1A2 or phase II hepatic enzymes involved in glucuronidation or sulfation. 1 8 Mild activation of UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation observed in vitro. 1 Autoinduction of metabolism not observed. 1 Drugs Affecting or Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes Potential pharmacokinetic interactions (e.g., decreased eslicarbazepine exposure) with inducers of CYP3A4; higher dosages of eslicarbazepine acetate may be necessary. 1 8 Potential pharmacokinetic interactions (e.g., decreased substrate concentrations) with concomitant use of CYP3A4 substrates; higher dosages of the CYP3A4 substrate may be necessary. 1 27 Potential pharmacokinetic interactions (e.g., increased substrate concentrations) with concomitant use of CYP2C19 substrates. 1 27 Drugs associated with Hyponatremia Possible increased risk of hyponatremia during concomitant use of other drugs associated with hyponatremia; consider monitoring sodium and chloride concentrations during concurrent therapy. 1 25 Specific Drugs Drug Interaction Comments Carbamazepine Decreased AUC of eslicarbazepine by 25 47%; 1 8 19 pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine not substantially affected 1 8 19 Increased risk of adverse neurologic effects (e.g., diplopia, dizziness); 1 8 19 increased risk of hyponatremia 1 25 Adjust dosage of eslicarbazepine acetate and/or carbamazepine based on efficacy and tolerability; 1 consider monitoring sodium and chloride concentrations 1 25 Clobazam Eslicarbazepine exposure generally not substantially affected 1 Possible increased clobazam exposure; 1 19 however, clearance of clobazam not affected in a pharmacokinetic analysis 8 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 Contraceptives, oral Dosage-dependent decreases in ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel concentrations; possible reduced contraceptive efficacy 1 8 Additional or nonhormonal methods of birth control recommended during eslicarbazepine acetate therapy and for at least 1 menstrual cycle following discontinuance 1 8 Desmopressin Increased risk of hyponatremia 1 25 Consider monitoring sodium and chloride concentrations 1 25 Digoxin No clinically important effect on digoxin AUC 1 8 19 Digoxin dosage adjustment not necessary 1 19 Diuretics Increased risk of hyponatremia 1 25 Consider monitoring sodium and chloride concentrations 1 25 Gabapentin Eslicarbazepine exposure generally not substantially affected 1 Systemic exposure of gabapentin not affected by eslicarbazepine acetate 1 8 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) Rosuvastatin: Decreased AUC of rosuvastatin by 36 39% 1 25 Simvastatin: Decreased AUC of simvastatin (a CYP3A4 substrate) by 41 61% 1 8 25 26 Adjust dosage of rosuvastatin or simvastatin if clinically significant change in serum lipids observed 1 8 26 Lamotrigine Eslicarbazepine exposure generally not substantially affected 1 Systemic exposure of lamotrigine not affected by eslicarbazepine acetate 1 8 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 Levetiracetam Eslicarbazepine exposure generally not substantially affected 1 Systemic exposure of levetiracetam not affected by eslicarbazepine acetate 1 8 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 Metformin No clinically important effect on metformin exposure 1 8 Metformin dosage adjustment not necessary 1 Omeprazole Possible increased exposure of omeprazole (a CYP2C19 substrate) 1 Oxcarbazepine Eslicarbazepine is the S -enantiomer of the main active metabolite of oxcarbazepine; possible increased risk of adverse effects 1 6 7 8 Avoid concurrent use 1 Phenobarbital Possible decreased eslicarbazepine exposure; phenobarbital exposure not affected 1 8 19 Increased eslicarbazepine acetate dosage may be necessary 1 Phenytoin Possible decreased eslicarbazepine exposure and increased phenytoin exposure 1 8 19 Increased eslicarbazepine acetate dosage may be necessary 1 8 19 Monitor serum phenytoin concentrations; adjust phenytoin dosage based on clinical response and therapeutic drug monitoring 1 8 19 Primidone Possible decreased eslicarbazepine exposure 1 19 Increased eslicarbazepine acetate dosage may be necessary 1 Topiramate Systemic exposure of eslicarbazepine not substantially affected 1 24 Topiramate exposure decreased by 18% 1 8 19 24 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 24 Valproate Eslicarbazepine exposure generally not substantially affected 1 Systemic exposure of valproate not affected by eslicarbazepine acetate 1 8 No dosage adjustments necessary 1 8 19 Warfarin Decreased AUC of S -warfarin by 23%; no effect on R -warfarin 1 8 Monitor INR 1 8 Aptiom Pharmacokinetics Absorption Bioavailability Following oral administration, eslicarbazepine acetate is rapidly and extensively metabolized by hydrolytic first-pass metabolism to eslicarbazepine; plasma concentrations of the parent drug mostly undetectable. 1 4 6 7 8 Food Food does not affect the pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 8 Plasma Concentrations Peak concentrations of eslicarbazepine occur 1-4 hours following oral administration of eslicarbazepine acetate. 1 8 Exhibits linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at recommended dosages. 1 Steady-state eslicarbazepine concentrations attained 4 5 days after once-daily dosing. 1 Special Populations Pharmacokinetics not affected by moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 9). 1 Mild renal impairment: Systemic exposure increased by 62%. 1 Moderate and severe renal impairment: Systemic exposure was 2- and 2.5-fold higher, respectively. 1 Pharmacokinetic profile similar in geriatric individuals with Cl cr> 60 mL/minute compared with younger healthy adults (18 40 years of age). 1 7 Distribution Extent Distributes into human milk. 1 Plasma Protein Binding <40% (independent of plasma concentration). 1 Elimination Metabolism Rapidly and extensively metabolized to eslicarbazepine via hydrolytic first-pass metabolism. 1 Eslicarbazepine accounts for 91% of systemic exposure; systemic exposure to minor active metabolites of R -licarbazepine and oxcarbazepine is 5 and 1%, respectively, while the inactive glucuronides of these metabolites account for approximately 3% of systemic exposure. 1 6 8 Elimination Route Eslicarbazepine and other metabolites primarily eliminated by renal excretion; over 90% of a dose is recovered in urine as unchanged eslicarbazepine (approximately two-thirds) or as glucuronide conjugates (approximately one-third). 1 Renal clearance of eslicarbazepine is substantially lower than GFR in healthy individuals with normal renal function, suggesting that renal tubular reabsorption occurs. 1 Half-life 13 20 hours (in patients with epilepsy). 1 Special Populations Clearance is reduced in patients with renal impairment and correlates with Cl cr . 1 Eslicarbazepine and other metabolites are cleared by repeated hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. 1 Pharmacokinetics not substantially affected by gender or race. 1 Stability Storage Oral Tablets 20 25 C (may be exposed to 15 30 C). 1 Actions Exact mechanism of anticonvulsant action not fully elucidated; however, eslicarbazepine acetate, like carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, is known to reduce excitability of rapidly firing neurons by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels. 1 4 6 7 9 27 Eslicarbazepine binds to voltage-gated sodium channels with a higher affinity for the inactivated state than for the resting state allowing selective inhibition of more rapidly firing neurons. 6 7 9 Eslicarbazepine is structurally similar to carbamazepine and is the S -enantiomer of racemic licarbazepine, the major metabolite of oxcarbazepine (10-monohydroxy derivative [MHD]). 6 7 8 29 Advice to Patients Importance of providing patient with a copy of manufacturer's patient information (medication guide) when therapy is initiated and each time the drug is dispensed. 1 Importance of taking only as prescribed. 1 Risk of suicidality (anticonvulsants, including eslicarbazepine acetate, may increase risk of suicidal thoughts or actions in about 1 in 500 people). 1 10 12 Importance of patients, family members, and caregivers being alert to day-to-day changes in mood, behavior, and actions and immediately informing clinician of any new or worrisome behaviors (e.g., talking or thinking about wanting to hurt oneself or end one's life, withdrawing from friends and family, becoming depressed or experiencing worsening of existing depression, becoming preoccupied with death and dying, giving away prized possessions). 1 10 Importance of informing patients and caregivers about the risk of serious, potentially fatal skin reactions. 1 Importance of informing patients about the signs and symptoms that may signal a serious skin reaction and instructing patients to immediately consult with their clinician if a skin reaction occurs during treatment. 1 Risk of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)/multiorgan hypersensitivity. 1 Importance of advising patients that a fever associated with signs of other organ system involvement (e.g., rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatic dysfunction) may be drug-related and should be reported to their clinician immediately. 1 Importance of advising patients of life-threatening symptoms suggesting anaphylaxis or angioedema (e.g., swelling of the face, eyes, tongue; difficulty swallowing or breathing) that may occur. 1 Importance of instructing patients to immediately report such symptoms to their clinician. 1 Importance of advising patients that eslicarbazepine acetate can cause hyponatremia, particularly in patients receiving other drugs that can lower serum sodium concentrations. 1 Patients should be advised to promptly contact their clinician if they develop any symptoms of hyponatremia (e.g., nausea, tiredness, lack of energy, irritability, confusion, muscle weakness or spasms, increase in seizure frequency or severity). 1 Importance of advising patients of risk of adverse neurologic effects such as dizziness, gait disturbance, somnolence, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and visual disturbances. 1 These effects are more likely to occur during the dosage titration phase (compared with the maintenance phase). 1 Importance of advising patients not to drive, operate machinery, or engage in other hazardous activities until the effects of drug therapy are known. 1 Importance of advising patients not to discontinue eslicarbazepine acetate therapy without consulting with their clinician. 1 The drug should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the risk of increased seizure frequency and status epilepticus. 1 Importance of informing women that eslicarbazepine acetate can substantially decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. 1 8 Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use additional or alternative nonhormonal forms of contraception during therapy and for at least one menstrual cycle after discontinuance or until otherwise instructed by their clinician. 1 8 Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed. 1 Importance of clinicians informing women about the existence of and encouraging enrollment in the pregnancy registry (see Pregnancy under Cautions). 1 Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal supplements, as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., kidney or liver disease) or history of suicidality, depression, or mood disorder. 1 Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. 1 (See Cautions.) Preparations Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details. Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations. Eslicarbazepine Acetate Routes Dosage Forms Strengths Brand Names Manufacturer Oral Tablets 200 mg Aptiom (scored) Sunovion 400 mg Aptiom Sunovion 600 mg Aptiom (scored) Sunovion 800 mg Aptiom (scored) Sunovion AHFS DI Essentials. Copyright 2017, Selected Revisions April 23, 2015. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. References 1. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate) tablets prescribing information. Marlborough, MA; 2013 Nov. 2. Elger C, Halász P, Maia J et al. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment in adults with refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III study. Epilepsia . 2009; 50:454-63. [PubMed 19243424] 3. Ben-Menachem E, Gabbai AA, Hufnagel A et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res . 2010; 89:278-85. [PubMed 20299189] 4. Gil-Nagel A, Lopes-Lima J, Almeida L et al. Efficacy and safety of 800 and 1200 mg eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment in adults with refractory partial-onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand . 2009; 120:281-7. [PubMed 19832771] 5. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research: Application number 022416Orig1s000: Summary Review. From FDA website. 6. Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093). Neurotherapeutics . 2007; 4:88-96. [PubMed 17199020] 7. Almeida L, Falcão A, Maia J et al. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093) in healthy elderly and young subjects. J Clin Pharmacol . 2005; 45:1062-6. [PubMed 16100301] 8. Bialer M, Soares-da-Silva P. Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of eslicarbazepine acetate. Epilepsia . 2012; 53:935-46. [PubMed 22612290] 9. Bonifácio MJ, Sheridan RD, Parada A et al. Interaction of the novel anticonvulsant, BIA 2-093, with voltage-gated sodium channels: comparison with carbamazepine. Epilepsia . 2001; 42:600-8. [PubMed 11380566] 10. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Alert: Information for healthcare professionals: suicidal behavior and ideation and antiepileptic drugs. Rockville, MD; 2008 Jan 31; updated 2008 Dec 16. From the FDA website. 11. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA News: FDA alerts health care providers to risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior with antiepileptic medications. Rockville, MD; 2008 Jan 31. From the FDA website. 12. US Food and Drug Administration. Suicidal behavior and ideation and antiepileptic drugs: update 5/5/2009. Rockville, MD; 2009 May 5. From the FDA website. Accessed 2012 May 4. 13. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) film-coated tablets and oral suspension prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ; 2014 Jul. 15. US Food and Drug Administration. Information for healthcare professionals: dangerous or even fatal skin reactions - carbamazepine (marketed as Carbatrol, Equetro, Tegretol, and generics). Rockville, MD; 2007 Dec 12. From the FDA website. 16. Yip VL, Marson AG, Jorgensen AL et al. HLA genotype and carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Clin Pharmacol Ther . 2012; 92:757-65. [PubMed 23132554] 18. Tangamornsuksan W, Chaiyakunapruk N, Somkrua R et al. Relationship between the HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol . 2013; 149:1025-32. [PubMed 23884208] 19. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate) - drug interactions evaluations. Marlborough, MA; 2014. 20. Halász P, Cramer JA, Hodoba D et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate: results of a 1-year open-label extension study in partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia . 2010; 51:1963-9. [PubMed 20662896] 21. Hufnagel A, Ben-Menachem E, Gabbai AA et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy: results of a 1-year open-label extension study. Epilepsy Res . 2013; 103:262-9. [PubMed 22871333] 22. Almeida L, Minciu I, Nunes T et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate in children and adolescents with epilepsy. J Clin Pharmacol . 2008; 48:966-77. [PubMed 18508949] 23. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate) - data relating to pediatric patients. Marlborough, MA; 2014. 24. Nunes T, Sicard E, Almeida L et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction study between eslicarbazepine acetate and topiramate in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin . 2010; 26:1355-62. [PubMed 20377319] 25. Eisai Ltd. Zebinix 800mg tablets summary of product characteristics. Hertfordshire, UK; 2014 May 28. 26. Falcâo A, Pinto R, Nunes T et al. Effect of repeated administration of eslicarbazepine acetate on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin in healthy subjects. Epilepsy Res . 2013; 106:244-9. [PubMed 23726291] 27. Anon. Eslicarbazepine acetate (Aptiom) for epilepsy. Med Lett Drugs Ther . 2014; 56:42. [PubMed 24869714] 28. Ben-Menachem E. Eslicarbazepine acetate: a well-kept secret?. Epilepsy Curr . 2010; 10:7-8. [PubMed 20126330] 29. Brown ME, El-Mallakh RS. Role of eslicarbazepine in the treatment of epilepsy in adult patients with partial-onset seizures. Therapeutics Clin Risk Manag . 2010; 6:103-9. Next Interactions Print this page Add to My Med List More about Aptiom (eslicarbazepine) Side Effects During Pregnancy Dosage Information Drug Images Drug Interactions Support Group Pricing & Coupons En Español 10 Reviews Add your own review/rating Drug class: dibenzazepine anticonvulsants Consumer resources Aptiom Aptiom (Advanced Reading) Professional resources Aptiom (FDA) Eslicarbazepine Acetate (AHFS Monograph) Related treatment guides Seizures> ]} FEATURED: CAR-T Cell Therapy Overview Mechanism of Action KTE-C19 Studies KTE-C19 Cancer Targets Adverse Events Manufacturing Drug Status Rx Availability Prescription only C Pregnancy Category Risk cannot be ruled out N/A CSA Schedule Not a controlled drug 4 years Approval History FDA approved 2013 Manufacturer Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Drug Class Dibenzazepine anticonvulsants Related Drugs Seizures diazepam , levetiracetam , topiramate , Valium , Topamax , Keppra , primidone , Dilantin , oxcarbazepine , phenobarbital , phenytoin , Trileptal , pyridoxine , Vimpat , zonisamide , valproic acid , Mysoline , Vitamin B6 , lacosamide , Zonegran , Trokendi XR , Depakene , Luminal , More... Aptiom Rating 10 User Reviews 6.7 /10 10 User Reviews 6.7 Rate it! Aptiom Images Aptiom 400 mg (ESL 400 ) View all images} } surgical procedure
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