the cause of the pain Timolol use while Breastfeeding Drugs containing Timolol: Combigan, Cosopt, Timoptic, Betimol, Istalol, Timolide, Cosopt PF, Timoptic Ocudose, Timoptic-XE, Timolide 10-25, Show all 11 Blocadren Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions More Pregnancy Warnings Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Compare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons Timolol Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding Summary of Use during Lactation Because of the variability in excretion of timolol into breastmilk and minimal reported experience during breastfeeding, other agents may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. Ophthalmic use of timolol by the mother should pose little risk to the breastfed infant. To substantially diminish the amount of drug that reaches the breastmilk after using eye drops, place pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute or more, then remove the excess solution with an absorbent tissue. Drug Levels The excretion of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs into breastmilk is largely determined by their protein binding. Those with low binding are more extensively excreted into breastmilk.[1] Accumulation of the drugs in the infant is related to the fraction excreted in urine. With less than 10% protein binding, 20% renal excretion and a relatively short half-life, timolol presents a moderate risk for accumulation in infants, especially neonates. Maternal Levels. Timolol was measured in milk during the use of ophthalmic drops twice daily in one eye. Although the time of the previous dose was not stated, a predose milk level of 0.5 mcg/L was measured. One and one-half hours after a single drop of 0.5% timolol maleate, the milk level was 5.6 mcg/L. The authors estimated that use of 0.5% timolol drops in one eye twice daily gave the infant 0.63% of a cardiac dose and treatment of both eyes would be 1.25% of a cardiac dose.[2] A 32-year-old woman was using ophthalmic drops containing 0.5% timolol and 0.2% brimonidine twice daily in the right eye for 6 months. Four milk samples were collected over 6 days, but the times with respect to dosages or nursing were not reported. Milk timolol concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.37 mcg/L. The authors estimated that the maximum dose that a fully breastfed infant would obtain would be 123 ng/kg daily or 0.012% of the weight-adjusted maternal dosage. If the mother had been applying the medication to both eyes, these values would be approximately doubled.[3] Nine women taking oral timolol 5 mg three times a day had a mean milk timolol level of 15.9 mcg/L (range 2 to 55 mcg/L). In 4 women taking 10 mg three times a day, the mean milk timolol levels was 41 mcg/L (range 7 to 88 mcg/L). The time after the dose when milk was sampled was not stated. In these cases it was estimated that a fully breastfed infant would receive between 0.96 to 1.2% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage.[4] Infant Levels. Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Effects in Breastfed Infants None reported, but beta-adrenergic blocking drugs with similar breastmilk excretion characteristics have caused adverse effects in breastfed newborns.[5][6] No side effects were reported in one case report of a 9-week-old breastfed infant whose mother was using 0.5% ophthalmic timolol drops twice daily in one eye.[2] A mother who was taking 2 drops of timolol 0.5% eye drops daily as well as using pilocarpine eye drops twice daily and acetazolamide 250 mg orally twice daily and delivered a preterm infant at 36 weeks of gestation. The infant began 5 months of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 hours after birth. On day 2, the infant developed electrolyte abnormalities consisting of hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic acidosis. The infant was treated with oral calcium gluconate and a single dose of intramuscular magnesium sulfate. Despite continued breastfeeding and maternal drug therapy, the infant's mild metabolic acidosis disappeared on day 4 of life and the infant was gaining weight normally at 1, 3 and 8 months, but had mild hypotonicity. The authors considered the metabolic effects to be caused by transplacental passage of acetazolamide that resolved despite the infant being breastfed. The infant gained weight adequately during breastfeeding, but had some mild, residual hypertonicity of the lower limbs requiring physical therapy.[2] A mother used timolol gel-forming solution 0.5% in one eye with punctal occlusion immediately after nursing in the newborn period and a few months later. Her infant was breastfed (extent not stated) during these times and no adverse effects were noted.[7] Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information on the effects of beta-blockade or timolol during normal lactation was not found as of the revision date. A study in 6 patients with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea found no changes in serum prolactin levels following beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol.[8] Alternate Drugs to Consider (Systemic) Propranolol , Labetalol , Metoprolol , (Ophthalmic) Levobunolol , Metipranolol References 1. Riant P, Urien S, Albengres E et al. High plasma protein binding as a parameter in the selection of betablockers for lactating women. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35:4579-81. PMID: 2878668 2. Lustgarten JS, Podos SM. Topical timolol and the nursing mother. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:1381-2. PMID: 6615302 3. Madadi P, Koren G, Freeman DJ et al. Timolol concentrations in breast milk of a woman treated for glaucoma: calculation of neonatal exposure. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:329-31. PMID: 18552619 4. Fidler J, Smith V, de Swiet M. Excretion of oxprenolol and timolol in breast milk. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:961-5. PMID: 6626493 5. Boutroy MJ, Bianchetti G, Dubruc C et al. To nurse when receiving acebutolol: is it dangerous for the neonate? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;30:737-9. PMID: 3770068 6. Schimmel MS, Eidelman AI, Wilschanski MA et al. Toxic effects of atenolol consumed during breast feeding. J Pediatr. 1989;114:476-8. PMID: 2921694 7. Johnson SM, Martinez M, Freedman S. Management of glaucoma in pregnancy and lactation. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45:449-54. PMID: 11274697 8. Board JA, Fierro RJ, Wasserman AJ et al. Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on serum prolactin levels in women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;127:285-7. PMID: 556882 Timolol Identification Substance Name Timolol CAS Registry Number 26839-75-8 Drug Class Antihypertensive Agents Adrenergic Beta-Antagonists Antiarrhythmics Antiglaucoma Agents Administrative Information LactMed Record Number 305 Last Revision Date 20150310 Disclaimer Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site. Print this page Disclaimer: This information is not intended as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. Use of this website signifies your agreement to the Terms of Use and Online Privacy Policy. More about timolol ophthalmic Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Drug Interactions Compare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons En Español 5 Reviews Add your own review/rating Drug class: ophthalmic glaucoma agents Related treatment guides Glaucoma, Open Angle Intraocular Hypertension Drug Status Rx Availability Prescription only C Pregnancy Category Risk cannot be ruled out N/A CSA Schedule Not a controlled drug Approval History Drug history at FDA WADA Class Anti-Doping Classification Timolol ophthalmic Rating 5 User Reviews 7.4 /10 5 User Reviews 7.4 Rate it! Drug Class Ophthalmic glaucoma agents ordinary
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