state of being inactive Rabies Vaccine Pronunciation (RAY beez vak SEEN) Index Terms HDCV Human Diploid Cell Cultures Rabies Vaccine PCEC PCECV Purified Chick Embryo Cell Dosage Forms Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. Injectable, Intramuscular [preservative free]: Imovax Rabies: 2.5 units/mL (1 ea) [contains albumin human, neomycin sulfate] Suspension Reconstituted, Intramuscular: RabAvert: 2.5 units (1 ea) [contains albumin human, chicken protein, edetate disodium, gelatin (bovine), neomycin] Brand Names: U.S. Imovax Rabies RabAvert Pharmacologic Category Vaccine Vaccine, Inactivated (Viral) Pharmacology Rabies vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine which promotes immunity by inducing an active immune response. The production of specific antibodies requires about 7-10 days to develop. Rabies immune globulin or antirabies serum, equine (ARS) is given in conjunction with rabies vaccine to provide immune protection until an antibody response can occur. Onset of Action IM: Rabies antibody: ~7 to 10 days; Peak effect: ~30 to 60 days Duration of Action 1 year Use: Labeled Indications Rabies disease prevention: Preexposure and postexposure vaccination against rabies Factors to consider include: species of biting animal, circumstances of biting incident (provoked vs unprovoked bite), type of exposure to rabies infection (bite vs nonbite), vaccination status of biting animal, and presence of rabies in the region. Refer to local/state health department and CDC for more information. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends a primary course of prophylactic immunization (preexposure vaccination) for the following (ACIP [Manning 2008]): Persons with continuous risk of infection, including rabies research laboratory and biologics production workers Persons with frequent risk of infection, including rabies diagnostic laboratory workers, cavers, veterinarians and their staff, and animal control and wildlife workers in areas where rabies is enzootic; persons who frequently handle bats Persons with infrequent risk of infection, including veterinarians and animal control staff working with terrestrial animals in areas where rabies infection is rare, veterinary students, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is enzootic and immediate access to medical care and biologicals is limited The ACIP recommends the use of postexposure vaccination for a particular person be assessed by the severity and likelihood versus the actual risk of acquiring rabies. Consideration should include the type of exposure, epidemiology of rabies in the area, species of the animal, circumstances of the incident, and the availability of the exposing animal for observation or rabies testing. Postexposure vaccination is used in both previously vaccinated and previously unvaccinated individuals (ACIP [Manning 2008]; ACIP [Rupprecht 2010]). Contraindications Preexposure prophylaxis: Life-threatening hypersensitivity to rabies vaccine or any component of the formulation Postexposure prophylaxis: There are no contraindications listed within the FDA-approved manufacturer's labeling. Dosing: Adult Preexposure vaccination: IM: A total of 3 doses, 1 mL each, on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28. Booster vaccination (for persons with continuous or frequent risk of infection): IM: 1 mL based on antibody titers Note: Prolonging the interval between doses does not interfere with immunity achieved after the concluding dose of the basic series. Postexposure vaccination: All postexposure treatment should begin with immediate cleansing of the wound with soap and water Persons not previously immunized as above: Immunocompetent: IM: 4 doses (1 mL each) on days 0, 3, 7, 14 (ACIP [Rupprecht 2010]). Immunocompromised: IM: 5 doses (1 mL each) on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 (ACIP [Rupprecht 2010]). Note: In addition, patients should receive rabies immune globulin with the first dose (day 0). Persons who have previously received postexposure prophylaxis with rabies vaccine, received a recommended IM pre-exposure series of rabies vaccine or have a previously documented rabies antibody titer considered adequate: IM: Two doses (1 mL each) on days 0 and 3; do not administer rabies immune globulin Dosing: Geriatric Refer to adult dosing. Dosing: Pediatric Refer to adult dosing. Dosing: Renal Impairment There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. Dosing: Hepatic Impairment There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. Reconstitution Reconstitute with provided diluent; gently swirl to dissolve. Use immediately after reconstitution. Imovax: Suspension will appear pink to red RabAvert: Suspension will appear clear to slightly opaque to slightly pink Administration For IM administration only; do not administer intradermally or subcutaneously; in adults and children, administer IM injections in the deltoid muscle; for younger children, use the outer aspect of the thigh. Avoid administration into the gluteal area; may result in lower response. Postexposure prophylaxis should begin with immediate cleansing of wounds with soap and water; if available, a virucidal agent (eg, povidone-iodine solution) should be used to irrigate the wounds. Do not mix rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin in the same syringe, and do not administer in the same anatomical site. Do not mix with other vaccines or injections; separate needles and syringes should be used for each injection (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). To prevent syncope related injuries, adolescents and adults should be vaccinated while seated or lying down (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). US law requires that the date of administration, the vaccine manufacturer, lot number of vaccine, and the administering person's name, title, and address be entered into the patient's permanent medical record. For patients at risk of hemorrhage following intramuscular injection, the vaccine should be administered intramuscularly if, in the opinion of the physician familiar with the patient's bleeding risk, the vaccine can be administered by this route with reasonable safety. If the patient receives antihemophilia or other similar therapy, intramuscular vaccination can be scheduled shortly after such therapy is administered. A fine needle (23 gauge or smaller) can be used for the vaccination and firm pressure applied to the site (without rubbing) for at least 2 minutes. The patient should be instructed concerning the risk of hematoma from the injection. Patients on anticoagulant therapy should be considered to have the same bleeding risks and treated as those with clotting factor disorders (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Storage Prior to reconstitution, store under refrigeration at 2 C to 8 C (36 F to 46 F); do not freeze. RabAvert should be protected from light. Drug Interactions Belimumab: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Management: Patients should receive inactivated vaccines prior to initiation of belimumab therapy whenever possible, due to the risk for an impaired response to the vaccine during belimumab therapy. Consider therapy modification Chloroquine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Rabies Vaccine. Monitor therapy Fingolimod: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Management: Vaccine efficacy may be reduced. Complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to starting fingolimod. If vaccinated during fingolimod therapy, revaccinate 2 to 3 months after fingolimod discontinuation. Consider therapy modification Immunosuppressants: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Management: Vaccine efficacy may be reduced. Complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to starting an immunosuppressant. If vaccinated during immunosuppressant therapy, revaccinate at least 3 months after immunosuppressant discontinuation. Exceptions: Cytarabine (Liposomal). Consider therapy modification Rabies Immune Globulin (Human): May diminish the therapeutic effect of Rabies Vaccine. Management: Do not administer additional or repeated doses of rabies immune globulin once rabies vaccine has been administered. The rabies immune globulin should also not be administered in the same site as the vaccine. Consider therapy modification Venetoclax: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Monitor therapy Adverse Reactions >10%: Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache, malaise Dermatologic: Injection site pruritus Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, nausea Hematologic & oncologic: Lymphadenopathy Local: Erythema at injection site, pain at injection site, swelling at injection site Neuromuscular & skeletal: Myalgia Frequency not defined: Cardiovascular: Cardiovascular toxicity, edema, palpitations, swelling of injected limb (extensive) Central nervous system: Chills, encephalitis, fatigue, Guillain-Barre syndrome, meningitis, neuropathy, paralysis (may be transient; includes neuroparalysis), paresthesia (transient), retrobulbar neuritis, seizure, vertigo Dermatologic: Pruritus, urticaria (including urticaria pigmentosa) Endocrine & metabolic: Hot flash Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, vomiting Hematologic & oncologic: Adenopathy Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reaction, serum sickness Local: Hematoma at injection site Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, arthritis (one joint), limb pain, multiple sclerosis, myelitis, weakness Ophthalmic: Visual disturbance Respiratory: Bronchospasm, dyspnea, wheezing Miscellaneous: Fever >38 C (100 F) Warnings/Precautions Concerns related to adverse effects: Anaphylactoid/hypersensitivity reactions: Immediate treatment (including epinephrine 1 mg/mL) for anaphylactoid and/or hypersensitivity reactions should be available during vaccine use (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Once postexposure prophylaxis has begun, administration should generally not be interrupted or discontinued due to local or mild adverse events. Continuation of vaccination following severe systemic reactions should consider the persons risk of developing rabies. Report serious reactions to the State Health Department or the manufacturer/distributor. Immune complex-like reactions (serum sickness): An immune complex reaction is possible to 2 to 21 days following booster doses of HDCV. Symptoms may include arthralgia, arthritis, angioedema, fever, generalized urticaria, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Neurologic reactions: Rare cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome (transient neuroparalytic illnesses that resolves without sequelae in 12 weeks, potentially fatal encephalitis, meningitis, transient paralysis, myelitis, retrobulbar neuritis, and multiple sclerosis) have been reported. Syncope: Syncope has been reported with use of injectable vaccines and may result in serious secondary injury (eg, skull fracture, cerebral hemorrhage); typically reported in adolescents and young adults and within 15 minutes after vaccination. Procedures should be in place to avoid injuries from falling and to restore cerebral perfusion if syncope occurs (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Disease-related concerns: Bleeding disorders: Use with caution in patients with a history of bleeding disorders (including thrombocytopenia); bleeding/hematoma may occur from IM administration; if the patient receives antihemophilia or other similar therapy, IM injection can be scheduled shortly after such therapy is administered (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Special populations: Altered immunocompetence: Consider deferring immunization during periods of severe immunosuppression (eg, patients receiving chemo/radiation therapy [including high-dose corticosteroids]); may have a reduced response to vaccination. Withhold nonessential immunosuppressive agents during postexposure prophylaxis; if possible postpone pre-exposure prophylaxis until the immunocompromising condition is resolved. Persons with altered immunocompetence should receive the five-dose postexposure vaccine regimen. In general, household and close contacts of persons with altered immunocompetence may receive all age appropriate vaccines (ACIP [Kroger 2017]; IDSA [Rubin 2014]). Pediatric: Apnea has occurred following intramuscular vaccine administration in premature infants; consider clinical status implications. In general, preterm infants should be vaccinated at the same chronological age as full-term infants (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Concurrent drug therapy issues: Anticoagulant therapy: Use with caution in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy; bleeding/hematoma may occur from IM administration (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Vaccines: In order to maximize vaccination rates, the ACIP recommends simultaneous administration (ie, >1 vaccine on the same day at different anatomic sites) of all age-appropriate vaccines (live or inactivated) for which a person is eligible at a single clinic visit, unless contraindications exist. The ACIP prefers each dose of a specific vaccine in a series come from the same manufacturer when possible (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Dosage form specific issues: Albumin: Products may contain albumin and therefore carry a remote risk of transmitting Creutzfeldt-Jakob or other viral diseases. Imovax Rabies: Contains neomycin. RabAvert: Contains amphotericin B, bovine gelatin, chicken protein, chlortetracycline, and neomycin. Other warnings/precautions: Antipyretics: Antipyretics have not been shown to prevent febrile seizures; antipyretics may be used to treat fever or discomfort following vaccination (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). One study reported that routine prophylactic administration of acetaminophen prior to vaccination to prevent fever decreased the immune response of some vaccines; the clinical significance of this reduction in immune response has not been established (Prymula 2009). Appropriate use: Rabies vaccine should not be used in persons with a confirmed diagnosis of rabies; use after the onset of symptoms may be detrimental (ACIP [Manning 2008]). Postexposure vaccination may begin regardless of the length of time from documented or likely exposure, as long as clinical signs of rabies are not present; however, it is ideal to start the treatment as soon as possible. Effective immunity: Vaccination may not result in effective immunity in all patients. Response depends upon multiple factors (eg, type of vaccine, age of patient) and may be improved by administering the vaccine at the recommended dose, route, and interval. Vaccines may not be effective if administered during periods of altered immune competence (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Monitoring Parameters Monitor for anaphylaxis and syncope for 15 minutes following administration (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). If seizure-like activity associated with syncope occurs, maintain patient in supine or Trendelenburg position to reestablish adequate cerebral perfusion. Antibody response to vaccination is not recommended for otherwise healthy persons who complete the pre-exposure or postexposure regimen. Serologic testing to determine if the antibody titer is at an acceptable level is required for the following persons (booster vaccination recommended if titer is below the acceptable level) (ACIP [Manning 2008]): Persons with continuous risk of infection: Serologic testing every 6 months Persons with frequent risk of infection: Serologic testing every 2 years Persons who are immunocompromised: Serologic testing after completion of preexposure or postexposure prophylaxis series Pregnancy Risk Factor C Pregnancy Considerations Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. Pregnancy is not a contraindication to postexposure prophylaxis. Pre-exposure prophylaxis during pregnancy may also be considered if risk of rabies is great. Inactivated vaccines have not been shown to cause increased risks to the fetus (ACIP [Kroger 2017]). Patient Education Discuss specific use of vaccine and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?) Patient may experience injection site irritation, flu-like symptoms, nausea, joint pain, muscle pain; or dizziness. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of meningitis (headache with fever, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, or sensitivity to light), severe headache, confusion, vision changes, swollen glands, severe loss of strength and energy, facial paralysis, muscle weakness, or difficulty moving (HCAHPS). Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions. Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients. Print this page} Recently Approved Lonhala Magnair Lonhala Magnair (glycopyrrolate) is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) bronchodilator for... Ozempic Ozempic (semaglutide) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog administered once-weekly for the... Ogivri Ogivri (trastuzumab-dkst) is a HER2 / neu receptor antagonist biosimilar to Herceptin indicated for... Sublocade Sublocade (buprenorphine) is a once-monthly injectable partial opioid agonist formulation for the... More} } habit
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