to 15 Ramelteon Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Interactions More Pregnancy Warnings User Reviews Support Group Q & A Pronunciation (ra MEL tee on) Index Terms TAK-375 Dosage Forms Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. Tablet, Oral: Rozerem: 8 mg Slideshow 10 Common Sleep Disorders: Treatments and Truths Brand Names: U.S. Rozerem Pharmacologic Category Hypnotic, Miscellaneous Melatonin Receptor Agonist Pharmacology Potent, selective agonist of melatonin receptors MT 1 and MT 2 (with little affinity for MT 3 ) within the suprachiasmic nucleus of the hypothalamus, an area responsible for determination of circadian rhythms and synchronization of the sleep-wake cycle. Agonism of MT 1 is thought to preferentially induce sleepiness, while MT 2 receptor activation preferentially influences regulation of circadian rhythms. Ramelteon is eightfold more selective for MT 1 than MT 2 and exhibits nearly sixfold higher affinity for MT 1 than melatonin, presumably allowing for enhanced effects on sleep induction (Hatta 2014). Absorption Rapid; high-fat meal delays T max and increases AUC (~31%) Distribution 74 L Metabolism Extensive first-pass effect; oxidative metabolism primarily through CYP1A2 and to a lesser extent through CYP2C and CYP3A4; forms active metabolite (M-II) Excretion Primarily as metabolites: Urine (84%); feces (4%) Onset of Action 30 minutes Time to Peak Median: 0.5 to 1.5 hours Half-Life Elimination Ramelteon: 1 to 2.6 hours; M-II: 2 to 5 hours Protein Binding ~82% Special Populations: Hepatic Function Impairment Patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment experienced a 4-fold and more than 10-fold increase in exposure, respectively. Special Populations: Elderly AUC is 97% higher and C max is 86% higher than in younger adults. AUC and C max of M-II metabolite increased 30% and 13%, respectively. Use: Labeled Indications Insomnia: Treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset Off Label Uses Delirium (prevention), ICU related Evidence from a small number of patients >65 years of age in a controlled trial evaluating ramelteon use in the prevention of delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting suggests a beneficial effect. However, the small sample size (N=24), limited observation period, and use of a delirium scale not typically employed in the United States or Europe warrant caution in the application of these results to other ICU populations. Larger controlled trials are needed to establish the role of ramelteon in the prevention of delirium. American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult ICU patients do not mention ramelteon. Contraindications History of angioedema with previous ramelteon therapy (do not rechallenge); concurrent use with fluvoxamine Dosing: Adult Insomnia: Oral: 8 mg once daily administered within 30 minutes of bedtime. Maximum dose: 8 mg/day. Delirium (prevention), ICU related (off-label use): 8 mg once daily at bedtime (Hatta 2014). Additional trials may be necessary to further define the role of ramelteon in the prevention of ICU delirium. Dosing: Geriatric Refer to adult dosing; use with caution. Dosing: Renal Impairment No dosage adjustment necessary. Dosing: Hepatic Impairment Mild impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. Moderate impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution. Severe impairment: Use is not recommended. Administration Administration with or immediately after a high-fat meal is not recommended due to delayed T max , reduced C max , and increased AUC. Swallow tablet whole; do not break. After taking ramelteon, patients should confine their activities to those necessary to prepare for bed. Dietary Considerations Do not take with high-fat meal. Storage Store at 25 C (77 F); excursions permitted to 15 C to 30 C (59 F to 86 F). Protect from moisture. Drug Interactions Abiraterone Acetate: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Alcohol (Ethyl). Monitor therapy Azelastine (Nasal): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Azelastine (Nasal). Avoid combination Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin. Consider therapy modification Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Buprenorphine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Buprenorphine. Management: Consider reduced doses of other CNS depressants, and avoiding such drugs in patients at high risk of buprenorphine overuse/self-injection. Initiate buprenorphine patches (Butrans brand) at 5 mcg/hr in adults when used with other CNS depressants. Consider therapy modification Cannabis: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Chlormethiazole: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. The chlormethiazole labeling states that an appropriately reduced dose should be used if such a combination must be used. Consider therapy modification Chlorphenesin Carbamate: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy CNS Depressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Moderate): May decrease the metabolism of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy CYP2C9 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Ramelteon. Monitor therapy CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of Ramelteon. Monitor therapy CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Ramelteon. Monitor therapy Deferasirox: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy Dimethindene (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Doxylamine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: The manufacturer of Diclegis (doxylamine/pyridoxine), intended for use in pregnancy, specifically states that use with other CNS depressants is not recommended. Monitor therapy Dronabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Droperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (e.g., opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Consider therapy modification Fluconazole: May increase the serum concentration of Ramelteon. Monitor therapy Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam. Consider therapy modification FluvoxaMINE: May increase the serum concentration of Ramelteon. Avoid combination HYDROcodone: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Avoid concomitant use of hydrocodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Consider therapy modification HydrOXYzine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Kava Kava: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Lofexidine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Melatonin: May enhance the sedative effect of Hypnotics (Nonbenzodiazepine). Monitor therapy Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce adult dose of CNS depressant agents by 50% with initiation of concomitant methotrimeprazine therapy. Further CNS depressant dosage adjustments should be initiated only after clinically effective methotrimeprazine dose is established. Consider therapy modification MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of MetyroSINE. Monitor therapy Minocycline: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Mirtazapine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Mirtazapine. Monitor therapy Nabilone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Obeticholic Acid: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy Opioid Analgesics: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid Analgesics. Management: Avoid concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Consider therapy modification Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine. Avoid combination Oxomemazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Avoid combination OxyCODONE: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Avoid concomitant use of oxycodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Consider therapy modification Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Paraldehyde. Avoid combination Peginterferon Alfa-2b: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Monitor therapy Perampanel: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Patients taking perampanel with any other drug that has CNS depressant activities should avoid complex and high-risk activities, particularly those such as driving that require alertness and coordination, until they have experience using the combination. Consider therapy modification Piribedil: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Piribedil. Monitor therapy Pramipexole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Pramipexole. Monitor therapy ROPINIRole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of ROPINIRole. Monitor therapy Rotigotine: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Rotigotine. Monitor therapy Rufinamide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Specifically, sleepiness and dizziness may be enhanced. Monitor therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: CNS Depressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk of psychomotor impairment may be enhanced. Monitor therapy Sodium Oxybate: Hypnotics (Nonbenzodiazepine) may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Sodium Oxybate. Avoid combination Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Consider therapy modification Tapentadol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Avoid concomitant use of tapentadol and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Consider therapy modification Tetrahydrocannabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Thalidomide. Avoid combination Trimeprazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy Vemurafenib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Consider alternatives to such combinations whenever possible, particularly if the CYP1A2 substrate has a relatively narrow therapeutic index. Consider therapy modification Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Consider therapy modification Adverse Reactions 1% to 10%: Central nervous system: Dizziness (4% to 5%), somnolence (3% to 5%), fatigue (3% to 4%), insomnia worsened (3%), depression (2%) Endocrine & metabolic: Serum cortisol decreased (1%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (3%), taste perversion (2%) Neuromuscular & skeletal: Myalgia (2%), arthralgia (2%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (3%) Miscellaneous: Influenza (1%) Postmarketing and/or case reports: Anaphylaxis, angioedema, complex sleep-related behavior (sleep-driving, cooking or eating food, making phone calls), prolactin levels increased, testosterone levels decreased Warnings/Precautions Concerns related to adverse effects: Abnormal thinking/behavioral changes: Hypnotics/sedatives have been associated with abnormal thinking and behavior changes including decreased inhibition, aggression, bizarre behavior, agitation, hallucinations, and depersonalization. These changes may occur unpredictably and may indicate previously unrecognized psychiatric disorders; evaluate appropriately. CNS depression: May cause CNS depression impairing physical and mental capabilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks, which require mental alertness (operating machinery or driving). Hyperprolactinemia: May increase prolactin levels. Hypersensitivity reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema, have been reported (rare). Do not rechallenge patient if such reactions occur. Sleep-related activities: An increased risk for hazardous sleep-related activities such as sleep-driving, cooking and eating food, having sex, and making phone calls while asleep have been noted; amnesia, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms may also occur. The use of alcohol, other CNS depressants, and exceeding the recommended maximum dose may increase the risk of these activities. Discontinue treatment in patients who report any complex sleep behavior. Disease-related concerns: Depression: Use with caution in patients with depression; worsening of depression, including suicidal ideation has been reported with the use of hypnotics. Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; use not recommended with severe impairment. Respiratory disease: Use with caution in patients with respiratory compromise, COPD or sleep apnea. Use is not recommended in patients with severe sleep apnea (has not been studied). Concurrent drug therapy issues: Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information. Other warnings/precautions: Appropriate use: Symptomatic treatment of insomnia should be initiated only after careful evaluation of potential causes of sleep disturbance. Failure of sleep disturbance to resolve after 7 to 10 days may indicate psychiatric and/or medical illness. Rapid onset: Because of the rapid onset of action, administer immediately prior to bedtime. Pregnancy Risk Factor C Pregnancy Considerations Adverse events were observed in some animal reproduction studies. May cause disturbances of reproductive hormonal regulation (eg, disruption of menses or decreased libido). Patient Education Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?) Patient may experience fatigue, dizziness, or loss of strength and energy. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of depression (suicidal ideation, anxiety, emotional instability, or confusion), confusion, behavioral changes, hallucinations, nightmares, memory impairment, nausea, vomiting, angioedema, amenorrhea, nipple discharge, decreased libido, or infertility (HCAHPS). Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions. Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients. Next Interactions Print this page Add to My Med List More about ramelteon Side Effects During Pregnancy Dosage Information Drug Interactions Support Group En Español 66 Reviews Add your own review/rating Drug class: miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics Consumer resources Ramelteon Ramelteon (Advanced Reading) Professional resources Ramelteon (AHFS Monograph) Other brands: Rozerem Related treatment guides Insomnia} Drug Status Rx Availability Prescription only C Pregnancy Category Risk cannot be ruled out N/A CSA Schedule Not a controlled drug Approval History Drug history at FDA Ramelteon Rating 66 User Reviews 4.6 /10 66 User Reviews 4.6 Rate it! Drug Class Miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics Related Drugs miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics zolpidem , Ambien , hydroxyzine , melatonin , buspirone , diphenhydramine Insomnia melatonin , lorazepam , zolpidem , amitriptyline , Ambien , temazepam , Ativan , diphenhydramine , doxepin , Elavil , Restoril , Ibuprofen PM , Belsomra , Lunesta , eszopiclone , Rozerem , triazolam , zaleplon , doxylamine , Sonata , Silenor , Halcion , flurazepam , suvorexant , More...} } aimed toward
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