and in reality [45:<60 mL/minute) which may result from conditions such as cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, and septicemia; unstable and/or insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus; acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma, history of ketoacidosis with or without coma; history of lactic acidosis (regardless of precipitating factors); excessive alcohol intake (acute or chronic); severe hepatic dysfunction or clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease; cardiovascular collapse and disease states associated with hypoxemia including cardiorespiratory insufficiency, which are often associated with hyperlactacidemia; stress conditions (eg, severe infection, trauma, surgery and postoperative recovery phase); dehydration or shock; pregnancy; breast-feeding; period of time around administration of iodinated contrast materials Dosing: Adult Note: If present, correct volume depletion prior to initiation. Diabetes mellitus, type 2: Oral: Initial: Individualize initial dose based on patient's current antidiabetic regimen. May gradually increase dose based on effectiveness and tolerability. Patients on metformin: Empagliflozin 10 mg/day plus similar total daily dose of metformin, administered in 2 divided doses (immediate release) or once daily (extended release) Patients on empagliflozin: Metformin 1,000 mg/day plus similar total daily dose of empagliflozin, administered in 2 divided doses (immediate release) or once daily (extended release) Maximum: Empagliflozin 25 mg/metformin 2,000 mg per day, administered in 2 divided doses (immediate release) or once daily (extended release). Concomitant use with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas): Reduced dose of insulin and/or insulin secretagogues may be needed. Dosing: Geriatric Refer to adult dosing. The initial and maintenance dosing should be conservative, due to the potential for decreased renal function (monitor). Dosing: Renal Impairment eGFR 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 : No dosage adjustment necessary. Monitor renal function at least annually. eGFR> <45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 : Use is contraindicated by the manufacturer; refer also to individual agents. End-stage renal disease (ESRD): Use is contraindicated. Dialysis: Use is contraindicated. Dosing: Hepatic Impairment Empagliflozin may be used in patients with hepatic impairment. The manufacturer recommends avoiding metformin because liver disease is considered a risk factor for the development of lactic acidosis during metformin therapy. However, continued use of metformin in patients with diabetes with liver dysfunction, including cirrhosis, has been used successfully and may be associated with a survival benefit in carefully selected patients; use cautiously in patients at risk for lactic acidosis (eg, renal impairment, alcohol use) (Brackett 2010; Zhang 2014). Administration Oral: Administer immediate-release tablets twice daily with meals or extended-release tablets once daily with breakfast. Extended-release tablets should not be split, crushed, chewed, or dissolved. Storage Store at 25 C (77 F); excursions permitted to 15 C to 30 C (59 F to 86 F). Drug Interactions Abemaciclib: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Specifically, alcohol may potentiate the risk of lactic acidosis Avoid combination Alpha-Lipoic Acid: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy Androgens: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Exceptions: Danazol. Monitor therapy BuPROPion: May increase the serum concentration of OCT2 Substrates. Monitor therapy Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Specifically, the risk of developing lactic acidosis may be increased. Exceptions: Brinzolamide; Dorzolamide. Monitor therapy Cephalexin: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Management: Consider alternatives to cimetidine in patients receiving metformin due to a potential for increased metformin concentrations and toxicity (including lactic acidosis). Consider therapy modification Dalfampridine: MetFORMIN may increase the serum concentration of Dalfampridine. Dalfampridine may increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Dofetilide: MetFORMIN may increase the serum concentration of Dofetilide. Monitor therapy Dolutegravir: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Management: Limit the daily metformin dose to 1,000 mg when used together with dolutegravir. Metformin dose adjustments may also be needed upon discontinuation of dolutegravir. Monitor patient response to metformin closely. Consider therapy modification Glycopyrrolate (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Guanethidine: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents: Antidiabetic Agents may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy Insulins: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SLGT2) Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Insulins. Management: Consider a decrease in insulin dose when initiating therapy with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and monitor patients for hypoglycemia. Consider therapy modification Iodinated Contrast Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Renal dysfunction that may be caused by iodinated contrast agents may lead to metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Management: Management advice varies. Refer to the full drug interaction monograph content for details. Exceptions: Diatrizoate Meglumine; Diatrizoate Sodium; Ethiodized Oil. Consider therapy modification Isavuconazonium Sulfate: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy LamoTRIgine: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Management: The lamotrigine Canadian product monograph states that coadministration of these drugs is not recommended. Monitor therapy Loop Diuretics: Empagliflozin may enhance the hypotensive effect of Loop Diuretics. Monitor therapy Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, and Ritonavir: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Specifically, the risk for lactic acidosis may be increased. Monitor therapy Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Specifically, the risk for lactic acidosis may be increased. Monitor therapy Ondansetron: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Patiromer: May decrease the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Management: Administer metformin at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after patiromer. Consider therapy modification Pegvisomant: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy Prothionamide: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy Quinolones: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Quinolones may diminish the therapeutic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Specifically, if an agent is being used to treat diabetes, loss of blood sugar control may occur with quinolone use. Monitor therapy Ranolazine: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Management: Limit the metformin dose to a maximum of 1700 mg/day when used together with ranolazine 1000 mg twice daily. Consider therapy modification Salicylates: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy Sulfonylureas: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SLGT2) Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Management: Consider a decrease in sulfonylurea dose when initiating therapy with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and monitor patients for hypoglycemia. Consider therapy modification Teriflunomide: May increase the serum concentration of OAT3 Substrates. Monitor therapy Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy Topiramate: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Trimethoprim: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Trospium: MetFORMIN may decrease the serum concentration of Trospium. Monitor therapy Vandetanib: May increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Verapamil: May diminish the therapeutic effect of MetFORMIN. Monitor therapy Adverse Reactions See also individual agents. 1% to 10%: Endocrine & metabolic: Hypoglycemia (1% to 2%)> <1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Ketoacidosis (FDA Safety Communication, December 4, 2015), pyelonephritis (FDA Safety Communication, December 4, 2015), urosepsis (FDA Safety Communication, December 4, 2015) ALERT: U.S. Boxed Warning Lactic acidosis Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/L), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), and increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (eg, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), 65 years, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (eg, acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the full prescribing information. If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue empagliflozin/metformin and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended. Warnings/Precautions Concerns related to adverse effects: Genital mycotic infections: Empagliflozin may increase the risk of genital mycotic infections (eg, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vulvovaginitis, candida balanitis, balanoposthitis). Patients with a history of these infections are at greater risk. Hypotension: May cause symptomatic hypotension due to intravascular volume depletion especially in patients with renal impairment (ie, eGFR> <60 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ), elderly, patients on other antihypertensives (eg, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]), or those with low systolic blood pressure. Assess volume status prior to initiation in patients at risk of hypotension and correct if depleted; monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiation. Ketoacidosis: Cases of ketoacidosis, a serious and life-threatening condition resulting in urgent hospitalization, have been reported in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors; in some cases, patients have presented with normal or only modestly elevated blood glucose (> <250 mg/dL) (Bobart 2016; FDA 2015; Handelsman 2016). Before initiating treatment, consider risk factors that may predispose to ketoacidosis (eg, pancreatic insulin deficiency, dose decreases or discontinuation of insulin, caloric restriction, alcohol abuse, extensive exercise, myocardial infarction, stroke, severe infection, surgery, any other extreme stress event) (Handelsman 2016). The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology recommend considering withholding of SGLT2 inhibitors for at least 24 hours prior to events that may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis (Handelsman 2016), while others have suggested withholding for 3 to 5 days (Bobart 2016). Patients presenting with nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, generalized malaise, and/or shortness of breath should be assessed immediately for ketoacidosis; if indicated, consider interruption or discontinuation of therapy. Lactic acidosis: [US Boxed Warning]: Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset is often subtle, accompanied by nonspecific symptoms (eg, malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, abdominal pain); elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/L); anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia); increased lactate:pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. Risk factors for lactic acidosis include patients with renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (eg, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), 65 years, having a radiologic study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (eg, acute heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Discontinue immediately if lactic acidosis is suspected; prompt hemodialysis is recommended. Lactic acidosis should be suspected in any patient with diabetes receiving metformin with evidence of acidosis but without evidence of ketoacidosis. Discontinue use in patients with conditions associated with dehydration, hypoperfusion, sepsis, or hypoxemia. Temporarily discontinue therapy in patients with restricted food and fluid intake. The risk of accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of impairment of renal function. Lipid abnormality: Empagliflozin may cause low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) elevation; monitor LDL-C and treat as needed. Renal effects: Acute kidney injury has been reported with empagliflozin. Prior to initiation, consider risk factors for acute kidney injury (eg, hypovolemia, chronic renal insufficiency, heart failure, use of concomitant medications [eg, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or NSAIDs]). Temporarily discontinue use with reduced oral intake or fluid losses; discontinue use if acute kidney injury occurs. Additional abnormalities in renal function (decreased eGFR, increased serum creatinine) and adverse effects related to renal function may occur. Assess renal function prior to initiation and periodically during treatment. Urinary tract infection: Serious urinary infections including urosepsis and pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization have been reported; treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin, increases the risk for urinary tract infections (UTI); monitor for signs and symptoms of UTI and treat as needed. Vitamin B 12 concentrations: Long-term metformin use is associated with vitamin B 12 deficiency; monitor vitamin B 12 serum concentrations periodically with long-term therapy. Monitoring of B 12 serum concentrations should be considered in all patients receiving metformin and in particular those with peripheral neuropathy or anemia (ADA 2017c). Disease-related concerns: Heart failure: Use metformin with caution in patients with congestive heart failure requiring pharmacologic management, particularly in patients with unstable or acute heart failure; risk of lactic acidosis may be increased secondary to hypoperfusion. In a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, metformin has been determined to be an agent that may exacerbate underlying myocardial dysfunction (magnitude: major) (AHA [Page 2016]). Hepatic Impairment: Generally avoid use in patients with hepatic impairment due to potential for lactic acidosis. Renal impairment: Metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney; assess renal function prior to initiation of therapy and periodically thereafter using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increase with degree of renal impairment. Use of combination product is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR> <45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 , end stage renal disease, or maintained on dialysis. Use of concomitant medications that may affect renal function (ie, affect tubular secretion) may also affect metformin disposition. Metformin should be withheld in patients with dehydration and/or prerenal azotemia. Glycemic efficacy of empagliflozin may be decreased in renal impairment. In some clinical trials, empagliflozin has been shown to reduce the occurrence of incident or worsening nephropathy in select diabetic patients receiving standard care with an eGFR 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 and high cardiovascular risk over a period of approximately 3.1 years (Wanner 2016). Stress-related states: It may be necessary to discontinue and administer insulin if the patient is exposed to stress (fever, trauma, infection, surgery). Concurrent drug therapy issues: Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information. Special populations: Elderly: Use with caution; risk of metformin associated lactic acidosis increases with age. Other warnings/precautions: Appropriate use: Not for use in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent, IDDM) Ethanol use: Instruct patients to avoid excessive acute or chronic ethanol use; ethanol may potentiate metformin's effect on lactate metabolism. Iodinated contrast: Temporarily discontinue metformin at the time of or before iodinated contrast imaging procedures in patients with an eGFR 45 to 60 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ; or with a history of hepatic disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will receive intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Reevaluate eGFR 48 hours after imaging procedure; restart if renal function is stable. Alternatively, the American College of Radiology (ACR) guidelines recommend that metformin may be used prior to or following administration of iodinated contrast media in patients with no evidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and with an eGFR 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ; ACR guidelines recommend temporary discontinuation of metformin in patients with known AKI or severe chronic kidney disease (stage IV or V [ie, eGFR> <30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ]) or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies (ACR 2015). Surgical procedures: Metformin should be withheld 24 hours before surgery (all other oral hypoglycemic agents should be withheld the morning of surgery or procedure) (ADA 2017d). Restart after normal oral intake resumed and normal renal function is verified. Monitoring Parameters Blood glucose, HbA 1c (at least twice yearly in patients who have stable glycemic control and are meeting treatment goals; quarterly in patients not meeting treatment goals or with therapy change (ADA 2017a); LDL-C; renal function (baseline and annually thereafter or when clinically indicated); volume status (eg, blood pressure, hematocrit, electrolytes); hematologic parameters (annually); blood pressure; genital mycotic infections, urinary tract infections, and vitamin B 12 (periodically with long term therapy); folate (if megaloblastic anemia is suspected); signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis Pregnancy Considerations Metformin crosses the placenta. Use of empagliflozin/metformin combination product is not recommended during the second and third trimesters. Refer to individual monographs. Patient Education Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?) Patient may experience flatulence, loss of strength or energy, headache, rhinitis, or pharyngitis. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of dehydration (dry skin, dry mouth, dry eyes, increased thirst, tachycardia, dizziness, fast breathing, or confusion), signs of acidosis (confusion, fast breathing, tachycardia, abnormal heartbeat, severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, shortness of breath, or loss of strength and energy), signs of lactic acidosis (fast breathing, tachycardia, abnormal heartbeat, vomiting, fatigue, shortness of breath, severe loss of strength and energy, severe dizziness, feeling cold, or muscle pain or cramps), signs of low blood sugar (dizziness, headache, fatigue, feeling weak, shaking, tachycardia, confusion, increased hunger, or sweating), signs of kidney problems (urinary retention, hematuria, change in amount of urine passed, or weight gain), signs of a urinary tract infection (hematuria, burning or painful urination, polyuria, fever, lower abdominal pain, or pelvic pain), vaginal yeast infection, penile yeast infection, severe dizziness, passing out, or severe abdominal pain (HCAHPS). Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions. Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients. Next Interactions Print this page Add to My Med List More about empagliflozin/metformin Side Effects During Pregnancy Dosage Information Drug Interactions Support Group En Español 3 Reviews Add your own review/rating Drug class: antidiabetic combinations Consumer resources Empagliflozin and metformin ... +3 more Professional resources Other brands: Synjardy , Synjardy XR Related treatment guides Diabetes, Type 2> ]} Drug Status Rx Availability Prescription only C Pregnancy Category Risk cannot be ruled out N/A CSA Schedule Not a controlled drug Approval History Drug history at FDA Empagliflozin / metformin Rating 3 User Reviews 10 /10 3 User Reviews 10 Rate it! 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