dollars Share 146 +1 Pin 101 Stumble Reddit Shares 247 Probiotics are considered living microorganisms that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, are conducive to the health of their host. The term probiotic is derived from the preposition pro (meaning for ) and biōtikos (meaning fit for life ), and is associated with the introduction of beneficial bacteria, contrasting with the term antibiotic (associated with the destruction of pathogenic bacteria). Though fermented bacterial cultures have been referenced in literary works dating back to biblical times, Ukrainian immunologist Elie Metchnikoff (a recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his discovery of phagocytosis), is regarded as the founding father of probiotics. Metchnikoff was first to formally document a connection between increased consumption of yogurt among Bulgarian peasants, enhanced health, and longevity. At the time, Metchnikoff postulated that Bulgarian bacillus within yogurt replaced preexisting pathogenic gut bacteria, whereby it normalized bowel health and extended lifespan. Despite Metchnikoff s initial observation of probiotics in the early 1900s, probiotics weren t formally acknowledged by mainstream science, health organizations, and mass media until the early 2000s. Within the last decade, scientific research groups have made considerable advances in the identification of specific probiotic species and subspecies, as well as investigating the efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of medical condition. That said, there s currently insufficient quality evidence to suggest that probiotics effectively treat any medical condition. Moreover, individuals supplementing with probiotics sometimes report unwanted side effects and/or adverse reactions. Probiotics Side Effects & Adverse Reactions (List of Possibilities) When many hear the term probiotics, they think of over-the-counter supplements used to maintain gut health and/or reverse dysbiosis. Anytime a supplement is considered natural or available over-the-counter, a subset of individuals wrongfully conclude that it is somehow devoid of side effects or incapable of causing them. Ardent supporters and/or marketers of probiotics promote the idea that ongoing probiotic supplementation will improve health while dismissing the possibility of side effects. Although probiotics are generally regarded as safe, it s important to underscore the fact that side effects and adverse reactions can occur as a result of supplementation. Side effects are believed to result from bacteria-host interactions in which the probiotic supplement may be incompatible with the current habitat of the user s microbiota, ultimately triggering a reaction. Examples of common side effects from probiotics include: abnormal bowel movements, bloating, flatulence, gurgling, and stomach aches. Understand that the number of side effects, specific side effects, and respective severities of each side effect will be subject to significant individual variation. One person might experience zero side effects from his/her supplementation with probiotics, yet another may report prominent adverse reactions. Below is a comprehensive list of possible side effects that have been reported by users of probiotics. Acne : A relatively uncommon side effect that some individuals report while supplementing with probiotics is acne. It is possible that administration of probiotics may trigger a biological reaction that increases likelihood of acne breakouts. Probiotics affect activity in the gastrointestinal tract, which is understood to modulate activation of the immune system, peripheral nervous system, and central nervous system. Perhaps if unfavorable, this modulation might lead to an unexpected acne breakout. It is also possible that acne breakouts after probiotics are nothing more than a transient, stress-response associated with the body attempting to adapt to the presence of new bacteria. Furthermore, as the new bacteria are introduced, other pathogenic bacteria may get displaced and die off, which might also trigger a stress-reaction and/or detoxification phase in which acne breakouts occur frequently. Some suspect that after the body adjusts to the probiotic supplement, acne outbreaks will diminish and/or cease altogether. Nonetheless, if you re experiencing acne flare-ups consistently after taking a probiotic, you may want to consider: switching to a different bacterial strain, manufacturer, or reducing the dose to determine whether your acne improves. If the acne occurs regardless of the probiotic that you use, you may need to accept the fact that you don t respond well to probiotic supplementation. Anxiety : Certain individuals supplementing with probiotics have reported anxiety as a side effect. It should be theorized that individuals most susceptible to experiencing anxiety after taking probiotics are persons with an underlying neuropsychiatric disorder. Individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders are often highly sensitive to changes in peripheral and/or central nervous system functioning, each of which can be affected by probiotics through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Probiotics can alter production and uptake of neuroactive peptides in the gut, which in turn could activate the sympathetic nervous system, alter vagal nerve activity, and/or generate neuroactive peptides that stimulate receptors in the PNS and CNS. Another cause of increased anxiety in probiotics users is related to an increase in histamine. Some strains of bacterial species including: L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. reuteri, and L. helveticus are capable of modulating and/or increasing histamine, which might provoke an anxiogenic response among persons with a histamine intolerance or sensitivity. It is possible that feeling anxious, agitated, or nervous after supplementing with a probiotic is a temporary response associated with displacement of pathogenic bacteria. Once these bacteria are eliminated from the GI tract, symptoms of anxiety may improve. That said, if probiotics are exacerbating your anxiety, it is wise to switch up the dose, species, and/or cease administration for awhile. Bloating : Among the most common side effects of probiotic supplementation is bloating. Though not everyone will notice increased bloat after taking probiotics, many report feeling swollen and gassy with a stomach ache, especially if they recently began supplementing and/or tested a new probiotic strain. In some cases, bloating may be attributed to increased water retention and/or digestive changes resulting from the billions of bacterial species attempting to colonize within the gastrointestinal tract. Older bacterial inhabitants may die off, possibly leading to some sort of detoxification process in which bloating occurs until the gut has readjusted itself to accommodate new bacteria. It is also possible that bloating is associated with administration of a supratherapeutic dose (containing an excessive number of colony-forming units or CFUs). Additionally, histamine release by certain bacteria (among those with an intolerance or sensitivity) could also trigger bloating as a side effect. To manage bloating, you might want to decrease your probiotic dose, switch to a different supplement, and/or take a break from supplementation for awhile. Getting plenty of exercise, reducing intake of foods highest in histamine, and staying well-hydrated should prove helpful for bloating attenuation. Although bloating is a fairly normal reaction to probiotics, if it becomes extreme, you may want to seek advice from a professional. Brain fog : A problematic side effect that highly self-aware individuals may notice after taking probiotics is brain fog, or the inability to think clearly. It appears as though bacterial species in the gut can influence vagal innervations and generation of neuroactive molecules, each of which is thought to alter activity in the brain. The alteration of brain activity following the administration of probiotics could disrupt mental clarity and lead to a state of foggy thinking. It is also possible that brain fog from probiotic administration is related to a detoxification process by which favorable bacteria displace other bacteria, and in the process of displacement, the older bacteria die off whereby they generate small quantities of neurotoxic metabolites. Any neurotoxic metabolites crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) might interfere with clarity of thought. If you feel as though your thinking has become clouded as a result of probiotic supplementation, you may want to discontinue administration or modify your dose and wait for mental clarity to return. Chills : An adverse reaction to probiotics reported by a small percentage of users is chills. Those who claim to experience chills or feel chilled after taking probiotics typically experience other side effects such as: diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and/or sweating. It is possible that, for some individuals, the chills are a byproduct of a probiotic-induced Herxheimer-like reaction in which the body is detoxifying itself from pathogenic bacteria. If you re experiencing a Herxheimer-like reaction, it could persist for a few days to several weeks before full recovery is made. Some recommend continuing to administer the probiotic through this reaction, whereas others suggest discontinuing the probiotic temporarily and reintroducing it at a lower dose after the chills subside. Assuming the chills are related to a Herxheimer-like response, you ll want to stay sufficiently hydrated to flush out the dead bacteria. It is also possible that the chills are a sign that you aren t able to tolerate the specific strain of probiotic that you re using. If you constantly feel chilled after initiating probiotic supplementation, yet the chills haven t improved for several weeks, you may want to discontinue the probiotics for awhile and/or switch to a different probiotic strain until you feel better. Be sure to discuss the chills and other symptoms with a medical professional to rule out health conditions that might be contraindicated with your probiotic usage. Cognitive impairment : Dysbiosis in the gut has been linked to cognitive deficits in animal models and humans, leading some to speculate that administering probiotics may ameliorate cognitive dysfunction. That said, a side effect reported by a subset of individuals supplementing with probiotics is cognitive impairment. If you suddenly notice that your ability to perform cognitively-demanding tasks has diminished and/or declined in days or weeks after you started taking a probiotic, the supplement might be to blame. In some cases, the cognitive impairment resulting from probiotic supplementation is mild and eventually diminishes with continued administration. On the other hand, some individuals report that the cognitive impairment worsens and/or fails to improve over time, possibly affecting work and/or academic performance. Transient cognitive impairment is most likely a byproduct of the body adapting to the probiotic supplement and/or death of older, displaced bacteria. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that too high of a probiotic dosage might be triggering excessive production of neuroactive peptides in the gut that modulate brain activity in such a way, that cognitive faculties become impaired. Another reason for impaired cognitive function might be related to histamine sensitivity or intolerance as a result of increased histamine production. To minimize probiotic-induced cognitive impairment, scale back on your dose, try a different supplement, and/or discontinue usage for awhile to determine whether your cognitive abilities return. Constipation : A common side effect of probiotics that many users experience is constipation or difficulty passing a bowel movement. The constipation may be accompanied by a stomach ache from indigestion, and you might notice changes in the composition of your stool when you finally pass a bowel movement; constipation is associated with hardening of stools. In some cases, the constipation will be a transient side effect that eventually subsides as the probiotics populate within your gastrointestinal tract and restore normative gut health. It is also possible that the constipation you re experiencing might be related to a Herxheimer-like reaction in which pathogenic bacteria die as a result of the newly-introduced healthy bacteria. If you re experiencing a die off of pathogenic bacteria, it might take several weeks before the constipation fully abates. To minimize odds of dealing with constipation and/or reduce its intensity, you may want to scale back on your probiotic dosing. Rather than taking a probiotic every day, you might want to try taking it every other day or even once every few days. Sometimes users start with too large of a dose for their body to handle and constipation ensues as a result of excessive numbers of bacteria being introduced to the gut. Other tips for coping with probiotic-induced constipation include: trying a different supplement, staying well-hydrated, eating fibrous foods, and engaging in physical activity every day. Cramps : It is possible that you might experience cramping throughout your body as a side effect of probiotic supplements. Those who report cramping tend to note that it most frequently occurs throughout their stomach region, and sometimes the upper chest area. In rarer cases, some will notice that their entire body seems to feel achy and plagued with cramps that they never had prior to using a probiotic. The cramps could be related to increased generation of histamine after introduction of the probiotics, but might also be related to the new bacteria modulating gastrointestinal activity. A simple way to deal with the cramps that you re experiencing is to decrease the dose of the probiotic you re taking and increase consumption of water. On the other hand, if you have a histamine sensitivity and are experiencing cramps, you may want to double-check and confirm that you re not using a probiotic that modulates histamine. Getting some extra rest and relaxation could also prove useful for individuals experiencing excessive cramping. That said, if you cramp up each time you take a probiotic, you should listen to your body and interpret it as a sign that the probiotic may be intolerable. If you continue to experience cramps as a side effect of the probiotic, discontinue it for awhile and rule out other medical conditions with your doctor. Diarrhea : Another of the most common probiotic side effects is diarrhea. Those who experience diarrhea after taking a probiotic report that its generally most extreme within the first few days and/or weeks of supplementation. When you first start using a probiotic, billions of colony-forming units (CFUs) are being ingested and attempting to populate your gut, however, pathogenic and older bacterial strains are competing to stay alive with the newer bacteria. As a result, the older bacteria may put up a fight prior to dying off, leading to irritation and/or inflammation of the gut lining, whereby you might experience diarrhea or loose stools. The diarrhea may also be accompanied by chills, flu-like symptoms, and sweating. Over time, it is thought that the diarrhea will subside as the body works its way through the die off phase and the new bacteria fully colonize. Within 1 month of probiotic supplementation, users should no longer experience diarrhea as a side effect. In the event that your diarrhea hasn t subsided, it makes little sense to continue taking your probiotic. Wait awhile and consider switching to a different probiotic manufacturer selling probiotics with different bacterial constituents and/or amounts. Some individuals might notice transitions between bouts of constipation and diarrhea where they feel constipated most of the day, but then experience intermittent bouts of explosive diarrhea. In this case, it s probably a good idea to reduce the probiotic dose, continue drinking plenty of water, and replenish the body with electrolytes and nutrients by consuming nutrient-dense food. Moreover, scale back on fibrous food and consider asking your doctor about taking an antidiarrheal (e.g. Imodium) to counteract the diarrhea side effect. Dizziness : Are you suddenly feeling dizzy or dizzier than usual after taking your probiotic? Dizziness is another side effect that has been reported among a small percentage of users. Those who experience dizziness after taking probiotics suggest that it occurs on an intermittent basis, and is generally of mild-to-moderate severity. It is uncommon for the dizziness to be severe, long-lasting, and/or impair a person s ability to function in school or work. If you re experiencing dizziness, you may want to first evaluate whether it s actually related to your probiotic supplementation and not another factor. Assuming you fully attribute your dizziness to the probiotic, it may be that you re taking too high of a dose and/or a suboptimal strain of bacterial species for your body. Cutting your dose in half or trying a different supplement may help attenuate the dizziness you re experiencing. It is also possible that the dizziness stems from another side effect induced by your probiotic (e.g. diarrhea) rather than the probiotic itself. For example, if you experience ongoing diarrhea, the diarrhea may be causing you to feel lightheaded and dizzy. In most cases, dizziness occurring early in treatment will diminish in time, but if it doesn t, discontinuing your probiotic and consulting a medical professional is recommended. Fatigue : A subset of individuals will become increasingly fatigued and/or lethargic when they start supplementing with probiotics. If your energy significantly plummeted after you initiated probiotic supplementation, one possible cause for the fatigue is a Herxheimer-like reaction. The probiotics might be waging war with pathogenic bacteria in your gut, and as the pathogenic bacteria die off, your body stays working hard to clear them from your system ultimately causing you to feel tired or fatigued. If your fatigue is caused by a Herxheimer-like reaction, it should diminish within 1 to 4 weeks after you began supplementing. Should your fatigue persist for an extended duration (e.g. longer than 1 month), it s probably not related to any sort of die off, but could be related to the specific bacterial strains within your supplement. Bacteria in your probiotic may be generating biogenic amines within your gut that are sapping your mental and physical energy. To combat the fatigue you re experiencing, it makes logical sense to reduce your dose and/or test a completely different probiotic supplement (with different strains). If the new probiotic induces the same effect, you may need to steer clear from probiotic supplementation altogether. Also keep in mind that the time of day you re taking the probiotic may exacerbate the fatigue in accordance with your circadian rhythm, so modify your dosing time to night if your probiotic makes you feel fatigued during the morning/afternoon. Flu-like symptoms : A rare adverse reaction to probiotics that some report is experiencing flu-like symptoms. If you experience flu-like symptoms after supplementing with a probiotic, most would suspect that this is a byproduct of a Herxheimer reaction. Some theorize that the bacteria within probiotics eliminate a considerable number of other bacterial inhabitants within your gut by displacing and killing them. As some bacteria die off in the process of supplementing with probiotics, they may release toxins that activate the immune system and lead your body to suspect an infection. The upregulated immune response may make you feel nauseous, fatigued, chilled, sweaty, and/or as though you have the flu. Couple this with possible diarrhea, constipation, and severe stomach aches and it s easy to see how some might report flu-like symptoms after starting probiotics. Still, it is important to avoid assuming that flu-like symptoms are definitively a result of your probiotic supplement they could be a sign of another medical condition. Report all flu-like symptoms to your doctor and ensure that probiotic supplementation isn t contraindicated with your current medical status. The most obvious way to reverse flu-like symptoms (if they were a result of probiotics) is to quit using probiotics for awhile. Gas : An extremely popular side effect of probiotics is gas or gassiness. You may notice that you pass more gas than usual, some of which might be exceptionally malodorous. Many consider the increased gas production and generation to be a sign that your body is responding well to the probiotic supplement and that bacteria are successfully colonizing within your gut. Some individuals might not pass more gas than usual, however, they may feel as if there s an increase in gas production and/or gas staying trapped throughout the stomach region. The increased gas production may lead to bloating and/or stomach aches. To cope with the emergence of gas as a side effect, it is recommended to avoid holding in your gas and stay physically active. You may also want to try modifying your dietary intake and/or altering the dose of the probiotic you re using. In most cases, increased gas production diminishes with continued supplementation. In fact, some individuals report significantly less gas and fewer smelly farts after they ve consistently used a probiotic for several months. Gurgling : An extremely common side effect that you re likely to notice when taking a probiotic is an increase in stomach gurgling, growling, and/or rumbling sounds. The noises coming from your stomach after taking your probiotic might make certain individuals concerned as to whether their supplement is causing some sort of sickness. Some people might even freak out at the idea that there are billions of little bacteria that proliferate in the gut after supplementing with a probiotic. Experts consider the gurgling noise side effect as indicating that the probiotics are improving your gastrointestinal function. Individuals with silent stomachs that are devoid of gurgling noises tend to experience an increase in constipation and/or bowel irregularities. The gurgling is a result of the stomach lining contracting more frequently than usual and modulating the flow rate of food throughout your gastrointestinal tract. Headaches : Among the most frequently-occurring side effects of any supplement or drug is headache. If you experience headaches after taking probiotics, there are likely a couple potential culprits to consider including: a mini Herxheimer-like reaction (in which the immune system is activated), the release of biogenic amines (e.g. histamine), or other probiotic-induced side effects. Those experiencing a Herxheimer-like reaction as a result of probiotic-induced death of older bacteria within the GI tract can experience a headache due to proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, endotoxin release, etc. Should you suspect that bacterial die off is causing your headache, staying hydrated and getting sufficient rest is critical. A headache might also be caused by release of biogenic amines within the gut as induced by the new bacterial species. These biogenic amines may cause excessive vasoconstriction (leading to a standard headache) or possibly vasodilation (provoking a migraine). Individuals with a history of headaches and/or migraines may be most prone to experiencing various forms of headaches as a side effect. Also consider that unmanaged side effects such as diarrhea can lead to headaches by depleting the body of electrolytes and inducing dehydration. Getting plenty of sleep, altering your probiotic dose, drinking adequate water, and strategically using headache relief medication may prove helpful for counteracting this side effect. Increased thirst : Though fairly uncommon, increased thirst has been reported as a side effect of probiotic supplementation. If you recently started taking a probiotic and feel thirstier than usual and/or as though you can never seem quench your thirst, realize that your supplement might be to blame. Some may perceive increased thirst as a favorable side effect in that it encourages you to stay hydrated and/or consume water to flush out any bacteria that end up dying after probiotic administration. Since you may be drinking more as a result of the increased thirst, you might also end up experiencing frequent urination. If the increased thirst fails to subside after several weeks of supplementing with your probiotic, it is recommended to discontinue your probiotic and have a doctor rule out other potential medical causes of your thirst increase (e.g. diabetes). Switching to a different probiotic and/or decreasing your probiotic supplementation could also attenuate the excessive thirst (assuming it was caused by the probiotic). Gastrointestinal infections : Although many researchers are investigating the effectiveness of probiotic supplements for the treatment of intestinal infections, it seems as though some individuals end up with an intestinal infection as a result of their probiotic supplement. Most persons experiencing an intestinal infection as a result of probiotic supplementation have an underlying medical condition that made them susceptible to the specific infection. For example, someone who s immunocompromised as a result of HIV is expected to exhibit greater susceptibility to infectious disease as a result of probiotic supplementation. In the event that an infection occurs after probiotic supplementation, a myriad of disconcerting symptoms may emerge including: abdominal pain, bloody stools, diarrhea, fever, skin rash, and vomiting. These symptoms are caused in part by proliferation of the infectious agent, as well as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (throughout the stomach and small intestine). If you suddenly became extremely sick after probiotic administration, seek emergency medical attention to rule out an underlying infection that may have flared up and/or been induced by the probiotic you re using. Insomnia : A relatively uncommon reaction to probiotic supplementation that some users report is insomnia. If the insomnia only occurs for the first few weeks of your probiotic administration, it might be related to the death of older bacteria in which endotoxins are released, your autonomic nervous system (ANS) becomes imbalanced, and biogenic amines alter activity in your nervous system. The insomnia may be accompanied by racing thoughts, restlessness, and brain fog or cognitive dysfunction. For some individuals, the insomnia will subside after a couple weeks of taking probiotics and their sleep quality will significantly improve. In the event that you experience insomnia for months after taking your probiotic supplement, it may be caused by the release of biogenic amines throughout your enteric nervous system. Those that are sensitive to certain biogenic amines, especially histamine, are likely to have trouble falling asleep and/or staying asleep. It is also possible that the probiotics you re taking are causing stomach issues such as diarrhea or constipation that interfere with your ability to wind down and transition from a state of wakefulness to a slumber. If your insomnia is worsened by probiotics, you might want to try altering the time of day you take your probiotic (e.g. morning vs. night), lowering your dose, or switching up the species. You may also want to discontinue probiotic usage for awhile in hopes that your sleep normalizes. Itchiness : An odd reaction that s more common than expected among probiotic users is itchiness. Some individuals end up trying a new probiotic supplement for the first time and notice that their skin becomes itchier than usual. The itchiness may be of mild or moderately bothersome for certain people, however, others have described it as severe, incessant, and debilitating. The most logical reason that you might become itchy from a probiotic supplement is that it s triggering an allergy. You might be allergic to one of the added ingredients within your probiotic formulation, or possibly allergic to the biogenic amines (such as histamine) being generated by the new bacterial species introduced to your gastrointestinal tract. Individuals with histamine intolerance or sensitivity tend to be the ones who report severe itchiness, possibly accompanied by a rash and/or breakouts of acne. Another reason for itchiness as a side effect of probiotics might be related to a Herxheimer reaction in which immune system activity increases to facilitate elimination of dead bacteria. If you are experiencing a transient reaction to bacterial die off that s causing the itchiness, it should decrease within several weeks. If the itchiness fails to subside, you may want to reconsider probiotic supplementation or resort to using a different strain (less likely to modulate histaminergic activity). Lightheadedness : It is fairly uncommon, but possible for some to experience lightheaded as a side effect of their probiotic supplementation. The lightheadedness may be related to modulation of activity within the ENS (possibly through the release of biogenic amines) which exerts downstream effects upon CNS activity or alters vasodilation/vasoconstriction. Lightheadedness might also be caused by probiotic-induced side effects such as diarrhea which leave a person depleted of electrolytes and dehydrated. That said, in most cases, lightheadedness is of mild intensity, is easily managed by the probiotic user, and subsides over time. If your lightheadedness is severe and you suspect that it s caused by your probiotic supplement, it should be advised to discontinue probiotic usage and consult a medical doctor to evaluate your health. Modifying your probiotic dosage, staying hydrated, and getting some extra rest when needed might also reduce lightheaded feelings. Mood changes : There s emerging evidence suggesting that altering bacterial composition of the gut might affect a person s mood. Modulating activity in the gut is thought to influence production of biogenic amines in the gut, some of which might cross the blood brain barrier to influence brain function and mood. Other biogenic amines stimulate receptor sites in the enteric nervous system to support balance within the autonomic nervous system (between the SNS and PNS). The predominant means by which gut bacteria influence brain function to modify our mood is through the vagal nerve. Studies of dysbiosis (bacterial abnormalities in the gut) show that pathogenic bacteria affect vagal tone. When healthy bacteria are introduced to the gut and dysbiosis is reversed, a person s mood may change (perhaps to a substantial extent) as a result of enhanced vagal tone. For this reason, researchers are investigating the effects of probiotics for depression , gut bacteria modulation for autism , and fermented foods for anxiety . The effect of probiotics on your mood will likely be contingent upon the strain (species and subspecies) that you take. In some cases, you might notice mood swings in the early days of supplementation as a result of bad bacteria dying off. If probiotics are negatively affecting your mood over a long-term, a different strain and/or dosing modification should be considered. Nausea : If you feel nauseated after taking probiotics, you are certainly not alone. Many users report experiencing the side effect of nausea for 1-3 weeks after they begin supplementing for the first time. The nausea could be a sign that your body is having a tough time adapting to the specific species of bacteria that you re administering, or possibly resulting from administration of an unnecessarily high dose. Another possibility is that the nausea is a byproduct of a Herxheimer-like reaction, especially if accompanied by other symptoms. If you think that the probiotics have triggered some sort of healing crisis in your gut to cause nausea, you ll want to stay hydrated, get plenty of rest, and with enough time the nausea should subside. That said, ongoing nausea may signify contraindications, interactions, and/or an undiagnosed medical condition (e.g. infection). For this reason, it is always advised to seek emergency medical care when experiencing nausea over an extended duration especially if accompanied by other symptoms. Trying a different probiotic strain (from the one they re using) might be a good idea for certain individu a protracted
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